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systems neuro > Week 6 part 2 > Flashcards

Week 6 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Human gastrointestinal tract (mouth to anus)

A 
100 million neurons
100, 000 extrinsic nerve endings
40, 000, 000, 000, 000 (trillion) microbes
100s of different microbial species
Home to 70-80% body immune cells
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2
Q

what are the bidirectional communication

network involving the brain

A
  1. ENS and brain
  2. Brain and spinal cord
  3. Brain and autonomic nervous system (ANS)
  4. Brain and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
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3
Q

what is the gut connected to?

A

The gut is connected via the vagus nerve to a very primitive part of the brain

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4
Q

what is the gut seen as

A

The human gut has long been seen as a repository of good and bad feelings. emotional
states from the head’s brain are mirrored in the gut’s brain, where they are felt by those who pay
attention to them

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5
Q

what do the Afferent Spinal and vagal sensory neurons carry feedback from and where to they go

A

Afferent Spinal and vagal sensory neurons carry feedback from the intestinal
end to the brain stem which in turn engages the hypothalamus and limbic system (responsible for
regulation of emotions).

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6
Q

what does descending projections from the limbic system influence?

A

descending projections from the limbic system (activated via

stress) influence autonomic activity of the gut.

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7
Q

where are Neural signals are conveyed from?

A

Neural signals are conveyed from the gut to the brainstem via the vagus nerve.

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8
Q

what is Orexigenic

A

Orexigenic is an appetite stimulant

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9
Q

what hormones are involved in Orexigenic

A

Central:

  • NPY –> neuropeptide Y
  • AgRP –> agouti-related peptide
Peripheral
-Ghrelin
- GIP 
- glucose-dependent insulinotropic
polypeptide
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10
Q

what is Orexigenic involved in ?

A

energy intake

  • hunger
  • satiety
  • nutrient absorption
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11
Q

what is Anorexigenic

A

(loss of appetite)

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12
Q

what hormones are involved in Anorexigenic

A

Central
- POMC –> pro-opiomelanocortin
- CART –> cocaine- and amphetamineregulated
transcript

Peripheral

  • GLP-1
  • CCK –> choleycystokinin
  • PP –> pancreatic polypeptide
  • PYY –> peptide YY
  • Amylin
  • Leptin
  • Insulin
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13
Q

what is Anorexigenic involved in

A

energy expenditure

  • metabolic rate (REE)
  • thermogenesis
  • activity (NREE)
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14
Q

What does the the gut-brain axis do?

A

The gut-brain axis controls food intake and appetite

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15
Q

what do Homoeostatic signals mean?

A

Homoeostatic signals: eating due to energy depletion

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16
Q

what do Non-homoeostatic signals mean?

A

eating purely a cognitive decision

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17
Q

what does the Gut-brain axis involve ?

A

hypothalamus, brainstem, corticolimbic system

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18
Q

what signals are involved in Gut-brain axis?

A

Chemical, mechanical, hormonal and nutrition

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19
Q

in the Gut-brain axis where does the Hypothalamus and brainstem receive gut hormone signals?

A

Hypothalamus and brainstem directly receive gut hormone signal via the median eminence and area postrema, respectively

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20
Q

in the Gut-brain axis what does the corticolimbic system do?

A

The corticolimbic system processes the hedonistic, environmental, social and taste influences, and modulate the hypothalamic appetite centres. Integrating these signal by the brain produces a feeling of
hunger or satiety

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21
Q

where do Neural, nutrient and hormonal signals come from?

A

Neural, nutrient and hormonal signals from the gut, pancreas, liver adipose tissue and brainstem

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22
Q

where does the Neural, nutrient and hormonal signals converge onto?

A

Neural, nutrient and hormonal signals from the gut, pancreas, liver adipose tissue and brainstem converge directly and indirectly with the hypothalamus to form a communication network

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23
Q

what does the The hypothalamus do?

A

The hypothalamus being the central control of appetite, integrates the peripheral signals and modulate appetite

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24
Q

what nucleus is within the hypothalamus

A

the arcuate nucleus (ARC)

25
Q

what does the the arcuate nucleus (ARC) do?

A

the arcuate nucleus (ARC) is one of the main nuclei regulating appetite as its semi-permeable
blood brain barrier can detect the peripheral signals (e.g. Hormones, nutrients)

26
Q

what does arcuate nucleus (ARC) communicate with?

A

The ARC neurones communicate with others hypothalamic nuclei such as paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus,
lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial nucleus

27
Q

The ARC neuronal population that regulate food intake

are?

A

Orexigenic neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide neurons

• Anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocorticin cocaine -and amphetamine-regulated transcript neurons

28
Q

what is the brainstem important in?

A

the brainstem has been shown to be important in regulating food intake

29
Q

what is the caudal brainstem involved in?

A

The caudal brainstem is involved in ingestive behaviour

30
Q

what does the The dorsal vagal complex (DVC) do

A

The dorsal vagal complex (DVC) facilitates communication between the periphery and hypothalamus to control food intake

31
Q

what are Neural, nutrient and hormonal signals sensed from in git

A

brainstem

32
Q

what does the vagus have an important role in?

A

The vagus has an important role in the transmission of afferent and efferent neural signals between
gastrointestinal system and nucleus of the tractus solitarus in the DVC.

33
Q

what happens if there is Cessation of these signals .

A

Cessation of these signals results in altered meal patterns.

34
Q

what is The homeostatic control of food intake related to?

A

The homeostatic control of food intake is strongly related to hedonism, reward and food experiences

35
Q

what structures is the the corticolimbic system composed of?

A

The corticolimbic system structures consist of structures including prefrontal cortex, nucleus
accumbens, ventral striatum, hippocampus and amygdala.

36
Q

what does the The non-homeostatic influences from the corticolimbic system modulate?

A

The non-homeostatic influences from the corticolimbic system can modulate the homeostatic appetite
system

37
Q

what are non-homeostatic systems influenced by ?

A

non-homeostatic systems can be influenced by homeostatic signal (e.g. Gut hormones)

38
Q

what does the The gut-brain axis modulate?

A

The gut-brain axis modulates short-term satiety and hunger responses to regulate the delivery of
nutrients and transit of nutrients through the GI tract, enabling efficient digestion and storage of
energy.

39
Q

what is another role of The gut-brain axis

A

The gut- brain axis also has a role in the regulation of blood glucose levels, adipocyte function and
energy expenditure, ensuring maintenance of energy homeostasis following a meal.

40
Q

which Gustatory fibres of cranial nerves are directly or indirectly relayed to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and corticolimbic system.

A

VII, IX and X,

41
Q

which olfactory fibres of cranial nerve are directly or indirectly relayed to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and corticolimbic system.

A

cranial nerve I

42
Q

which sensory fibres cranial nerve are directly or indirectly relayed to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and corticolimbic system.

A

cranial nerve V

43
Q

what is Afferent vagus nerve mechanoreceptors sensitive to?

A

Afferent vagus nerve mechanoreceptors, sensitive to gastric and gut intra-luminal distension

44
Q

what are chemoreceptors sensitive to

A

sensitive to a variety of intra-luminal chemical stimuli

45
Q

what does the afferent vagus nerve of mechanreceptors and chemoreceptors do

A

relay information from the gastrointestinal tract to the DVC regarding the chemical, mechanical and nutritive properties of ingested food.

46
Q

what two parts does the neuroendocrine system of the gut consists of?

A
  • Gut endocrine cells (located in the gut mucosa)

* Enteric nervous system (contains peptidergic, serotonergic and nitric oxide-containing nerves)

47
Q

what is the function of the neuroendocrine system

A 
Regulate several functions of the GI tract:
•Motility
•Secretion
•Absorption
•Microcirculation in the gut
•Local immune defence
•Cell proliferation
48
Q

how many neurotransmitters and receptors does the The ENS of the gut have?

A

The ENS of the gut has almost every known neurotransmitter and associated receptors known

49
Q

how many type of endocrine cells in the GI tract are there?

A

15

50
Q

where does the The gut endocrine cells secrete signalling substances into?

A

into the lamina propria of the gut lining

51
Q

The gut endocrine cells exert their:

A
  • Autocrine function (hormones released by cell and bind onto itself and alter its own )
  • Paracrine function (hormones released by cells and bind to other cells and alter their function)
  • Enteric nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
52
Q

where are the The gut endocrine cells found?

A

The gut endocrine cells are dispersed along the entire GI tract (except the oesophagus) separated by
epithelial cells.

53
Q

what specialised substance is found on these cells?

A

microvilli

54
Q

what does the microvilli do?

A

sensors the gut content and respond to luminal stimuli by releasing
hormones, often to target other parts of the digestive system

55
Q

what do gut hormones do?

A

coordinate digestive process within the GI tract via autocrine and
paracrine effects . Also, can act on the brain in the form of neurotransmitters

56
Q

what does the gut hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK) do?

A

First gut hormone to be shown to regulate appetite

57
Q

where is Cholecystokinin released from and what does it do

A

Secreted by the enteroendocrine I cells of the small intestine and promote fat and protein digestion

58
Q

where does Cholecystokinin act on

A

It effects on increasing satiety are via cholecystokinin 1 (CCK1) receptors on the vagus afferents, brainstem and
hypothalamus

systems neuro (3 decks)

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