Week 6 - Theories about People and Their Environments Flashcards
(53 cards)
1
Q
What are ecological theories and models?
A
- A range of theories and models that present health as the interaction between individual and the environment
2
Q
What are individuals influenced by and also influence?
A
- Their environment in a reciprocal fashion
3
Q
What is the most commonly referenced social ecological model in health promotion?
A
- Bronfenbrennen (1979)
4
Q
What can actions in one sphere influence?
A
- those in another sphere
5
Q
Where do behaviours or activities take place?
A
- Contexts and environments
- Need to be considered in context
6
Q
When are interventions most likely to succeed?
A
- When there is coordination or cooperation across spheres
7
Q
What can the social ecological model be helpful with in health promotion?
A
- help with understanding where the health promotion intervention needs to focus or to align activities
8
Q
What are the rings of components of the social ecological model?
A
- Intrapersonal
- Interpersonal
- Organizational
- Community
- Public Policy
- Physical Environment
9
Q
Explain the intrapersonal component of the social ecological model
A
- Individual characteristics that influence behaviour
10
Q
What individual characterstics might influence behaviour?
A
- Knowledge
- Attitudes
- Beliefs
11
Q
Describe the interpersonal component of the social ecological model
A
- Primary groups that provide social identity, support, role definition
12
Q
Describe the organizational component of the social ecological model
A
- Rules, regulations, formal and informal structures which may constrain or promote behaviours
13
Q
Describe the community component of the social ecological model
A
- Social networks and norms or standards around behaviours
14
Q
Describe the physical environment component of the social ecological models
A
- natural and built environment that can constrain or promote behaviours, make some actions more likely
15
Q
Explain the critiques of social ecological models
A
- Various spheres are not equally influenced
- Limited ability to explain or predict changes in behaviour
- Any construct can fit in a sphere, no concise list of variables
16
Q
Who proposed the salutogenic theory?
A
Antonovsky in 1996
17
Q
Why did Antonovsky propose the salutogenic theory in 1996?
A
- Concerned with other models focused too much on health behaviours rather than broader ‘health promotion’
18
Q
What does the Salutogenic Theory focus on?
A
- Health-enhancing rather than risk factors for diseases
19
Q
What does the Salutogenic Theory direct our attention to?
A
- Assets fo the individual (GRR)
20
Q
What is GRR?
A
- General Resistance Resources
21
Q
What does GRR determine?
A
- Capacity to create health not just reduce disease
22
Q
What is health considered in the salutogenic theory?
A
- Continuous movement along a continuum
- Between good health and ill health
23
Q
What are the two main concepts of salutogenic theory?
A
- Generalized resistance resources (GRR)
- GRR lead to strong sense of coherence (SOC)
24
Q
Explain how GRR’s work in the salutogenic theory
A
- Help cope with and manage life, create meaning, make sense of the world
25
Explain SOC
Strong Sense of Coherence
- Results in seeing the work as comprehensible, manageable, meaningful
- leads to empowering relationship and meaningful pursuits
26
What are some critiques of the salutogenic theory?
-Less easily linked to specific behavior or actions
- Some evidence that one's sense of coherence increases with age/over time and less in response to specific situations
27
What is the setting approach to health?
- health is created and lived by people with the settings of their everyday life
- Where they learn, work, play, and love
28
What does the settings approach explore?
- The places in people's day-to-day lives where health and illness is produced
29
What are the origins of the settings approach?
- Put forward by the World Health Organization in mid 80s
- Ottawa Charter actions should be implemented in the 'settings' where health is produced
- Healthy Cities movement in 1986 is the first example of the settings approach in health promotion
30
Where is the Settings Approach applied?
- Cities and Towns
- Schools
- Workplaces
- Healthcare Settings
- Virtual Settings
31
Why would you use a settings approach?
- Setting is where people actively use and shape the environment
- Where people create or solve health-related problems
- Having boundaries and defined roles that can be identified
32
What kind of boundaries can be identified in the Settings Approach?
- Physical Boundaries
- Membership Boundaries
33
How much of the global burden of ill health can be attributed to environmental factors?
- 1/3
34
What settings usually have the greatest disparity and inequality?
- Urban setting
35
Where are patterns of poor health often visible?
- At City Level
36
What are some examples of material geographies in an urban setting?
- buildings
- parks
- air quality
- transportation infrastructure
37
What are some examples of social geographies in an urban setting?
- Institutions
- Public services
- Community supports
38
Explain the Stakeholder Wheel Model
- A model to understand who needs to be engaged for successful change
- Understand the role or level of their engagement
39
What is the stakeholder wheel model a tool for?
- Thinking about and categorizing stakeholders
- Consider who needs to be involved and how involved
40
Who are the core stakeholders?
- At the centre of the intended action
- actively involved in the implementation
41
Who are the involved stakeholders?
- Will need to be frequently consulted
- Involved in planning and implementation
42
Who are the supportive stakeholders?
- Provide some form of support such as facilitating access or sharing particular expertise
43
Who are the peripheral stakeholders?
- Need to be kept informed
44
What is a key point of individuals in theories and models?
- Agency
45
What is a key point of environmental in theories and models?
- Structure
46
How do the theories of behaviour change range?
- From highly focused on individual behaviour to considering individual with 'external' influences
47
What is physical activity in theories of behaviour change?
- Defined as a planned activity with aim of improving or maintaining fitness
48
When are theories justified?
- when they align physical activity with expected outcomes
49
What do ecological theories do?
- Far greater focus on environmental factors or the 'settings' where health is produced
50
What do ecological theories explain less than behavioural change theories?
- Less explanatory potential for specific behaviours
51
What do ecological theories align with?
- notion of health promotion as 'making the healthiest choice the easiest choice'
52
What do thoeries of behaviour change align well with?
- Notion that physical activity promotion is intended to produce health benefits
53
