Week 7

Question 1

what is a team?

Answer 1

’ a set of two or more people that adaptibvely and dynamically interact through specified roles as they work towards shared and valued goals’ (Salas, Rico and Passmore, 2017)

Question 2

what are the two things teams must engage in to be succesful?

Answer 2

1. taskwork -the work related activities that are required to achieve a teams goal
2. teamwork - the shared behaviours, attitudes and cognitions that make team functioning and the achievement of goals possible

Question 3

what are the psychological facets of teamwork?

Answer 3

1. attitudes - internal state that affects interactions eg trust
2. behaviours - processes necessary to engaging in teamwork eg information exchange
3. cognition - structure and representation of knowledge among members to allowing planning of action

Question 4

what is the input-output-process model IPO? (Hackman, 198)

Answer 4

1. Input - personality, task knowledge, team knowledge
2. Process - coordination, communication, cooperation
3. Output - performance, team learning

Question 5

what does Marks et al, 2001 say about the IPO model?

Answer 5

• The IPO model is only applicable to static teams who have concrete tasks
• It ignores temporality and the changes that take place in teams over time
• (Modern) Teams are dynamic, complex and adaptive
• Team processes are NOT always related to interaction (e.g., cohesion, collective efficacy)

Question 6

what is the temporal perspective of teamwork?

Answer 6

Marks et al, 2001 introduced Emergent States are ‘properties of the team that are typically dynamic in nature and vary as a function of team context, inputs, processes and outcomes”

Question 7

what does the temporal perspective of teamwork show?

Answer 7

• shows how outputs will feed into future inputs
• emergent states add a temporal element to the IPO model ie time element
  = as teamwork doesn’t occur in a vacuum eg there’s deadlines

Question 8

how do teams perform in temporal perspective of teamwork?

Answer 8

• Teams perform in temporal cycles of goal-directed episodes – “distinguishable periods of time over which performance accrues, and
  feedback is available”
• Episodes are easily identified by goals
• Episodes can vary in duration (e.g., short v protracted tasks) or and can be segmented into sub-episodes (e.g., halves of a football game)
• Episodes can vary in importance which increase or weaken its salience to the
  team

Question 9

what are the three phase from temporal perspective of teamwork (Marks et al, 2001)?

Answer 9

1. Action Phase - Periods of time when teams conduct goal- directed activities (e.g.,
   deliver presentation)
2. Interpersonal Phase
   processes teams use to
   manage interpersonal
   relationships that cut across
   both transition and action
   phases (e.g., conflict
   management, confidence
   building)
3. Transition Phase- periods of time when teams evaluate or plan activities to guide goal accomplishment (e.g.,
   organize tasks

Question 10

what does the temporal perspective of teamwork theory conclude?

Answer 10

• teams are psychological
• they don’t usually operate in a vacuum
• emergent states can be affective, behavioural, informing team outputs and later inputs

Question 11

what is teamwork in multi-team system (MTS)?

Answer 11

‘two or more teams interfacing directly and interdependently in response to environmental contingencies towards the accomplishment of collective goals’ (Mathieu et al, 2001)

Question 12

describe the psychological principle of trust in interoperability?

Answer 12

• trust is the extent to which an individual is confident that they can rely, are willing to be vulnerable to act and act upon, the words action etc of another group (McAllistar, 1995)
• helps reduce the risk of silo working and supports positive team processes eg info sharing

Question 13

what are the three types of trust?

Answer 13

1. interpersonal/affect trust
2. cognitive trust - faith in another to complete their given role
3. group based trust - trust in others who share a salient social category

Question 14

describe the psychological factor of secure team identities in interoperability?

Answer 14

SIA suggests that people are motivated to define themselves within distinct groups eg building a sense of us

Question 15

how does the psychological factor of cohesive goal setting affect interoperability?

Answer 15

goals are key psychological drivers that motivate decision making and teamwork towards purposeful outcomes (Locke and Latham, 1990)

Question 16

what is interoperability?

Answer 16

’ a shared system of technology and teamwork based upon trust, identification, goals, communication and flexibility’.