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Week 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Timeline of the classical period?

A

in greece happened after archaic period and lines up with the roman republic period

not ca know dates of 480-323 BCE

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2
Q

Fifth century greek history timeline:

A

the first greco persian war (darius)
second greco persian war (xerxes)
(troops destroyed athens)

The greeks won both

Between the wars: rise of the delian league/ athenian empire

the peloponnesian war

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3
Q

what happened in the between the wars: rise of the delian and athenian empire?

A

the delian league was a group of cities that decided to team up bc they want to be protected from future attacks

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4
Q

what happen in the peloponnesian war?

A

athens and their allies fought with starta and their allies bc they didnt want to join the other alliance

sparta wins
and we see spata become more prominent

but we see a power struggle

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5
Q

fouth centrury greek timeline:

A

power struggle between cities (Poleis)

the reign of philip II macedon

then his son alexander the great conquers the persian empire

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6
Q

What is the severe style?

A

the earliest stylistic caterogy of the classical period

more realistic art
more motion
metopes
emotions and expression (loss of archaic smile)
change in hair

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7
Q

bronze sculptures in the classical period?

A

rise in bronze at the end of the archaic period
suvived in low numbers bc bronze is melted down unlike marble

more bronze than marble structures in greece

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8
Q

benifits of using bronze for scuptures?

A

light
better to show emotions
melted down

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9
Q

what is proof that bronze was mostly used in the classical period?

A

bc it was mounted on the platform differently than marble

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10
Q

the high classical style

A

450-400 BCE
more natural
peak in stylistic period
rise in a specific pose called contrapposto-the put all their weight on one leg
detailed hair

men nude
women clothed

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11
Q

who was pheidias?

A

a popular sculptuer of zeuss

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12
Q

the late classical sculpture?

A

the end of the peloponnesian war
end of classical period w the death of alexander the great
showed emotions gods were shown in more realistic ways

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13
Q

what is the aphrodite of knidos?

A

the roman copy of a greek orginal
ca 350-340

in anotilia
first life sized fenal nude
caught entering a bath

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14
Q

dilemma in roman copies?

A

we shouldnt invalidate roman copies of scuptures
helps w achaeology

romans used marble more than bronze where greeks used bronze

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15
Q

Key components of classical athens

A

Kerameikos cemetary
themistoklean wall-built after the second greco persian war so we can date the approx dates better of the stuff inside we know its all from before the time of this wall)
clasical agora
akropolis
areopagos

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16
Q

The Kerameikos Cemetery

A

(became more of a democracy in this period)

early classical
decline in osterntatious grave markers
and increase in number of graves
this suggested a social change

ca 430s
there were funerary relief sculptures (stelai)

by then end of the period we see an increase in elaborate grave markers

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17
Q

what is salvage archaeology?

A

done to salavge sites quickly if they are at risk or need to be escavated quickly bc it is in the way of other projects

often bc of acidental discovery

ex, the kerameikos subway line 1994

syntagma station
when mass graves are discovered
though that it was bc of the plage of athens prolly typhoid bc we dont usually see mass graves in greece

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18
Q

The areopagus

A

the hill of ares: seat of the council-democracy for law court or capital punishment
members are former majestries

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19
Q

the classical agora

A

heart of civic life
there was temples
council building
mints
and many stoas
stoas( multifunctional buildings)

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20
Q

the painted stoa

A

built 470BCE
famous paintings
made up stoicism

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21
Q

what is stoicism?

A

a philosphoical school where people would meet

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22
Q

the stoa of attalos

A

158-138 BCE
re constucted

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23
Q

The history of the athenian acropolis:

A

bronze age was earliers know use as a fortess
archaic period there was a swiych of function to be for use for the goddess athena
it was largely destroyed by the second greco persian war
bc of the oath of plataea they dont rebuild to honor
then there is the 5th century perikles when the rebuilding happens
then fortified villages
and then 1833 athens as the captial of greece

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24
Q

what is the oath of plataea?

A

doesnt let the peole rebuild the acropolis

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25
what is the propylaia?
the entry gate to the acropolis was not symetrical 5 ways to enter-maybe pinakotheke
26
the temple of athena nike
421-415 bce it was a later building on the acropolis
27
nike
victory
28
pediments
were part of the temple of athena nike there was a east side and west side east had gigantomachy(battle with the giants) west has amasonmachy battle with the amason mythical people
29
temple frieze
east has an assembly of gods south has greek vs persians
30
parapet frieze showed:
the nike procession
31
The parthenon
storage for tributes from allies a treasury no evdience of religous practcies
32
athena pathenos=
athena the maiden (virgin)
33
stature of athena parthenos
made by pheidias made of gold and ivory chryselephantine was like a storage of gold for emergencies cult statue
34
what is chryselephantine
gold and ivory
35
The archeticture of the parthenon:
mostly doric with some ionic elements had a running frieze not perfectly straight lines reinements not perfecly square
36
metope
is a rectangular architectural element that fills the space between two triglyphs in a Doric frieze
37
the parthenon sculptures
more a teasury lots of decor
38
the metopes on the parthenon
west: amasonomarchy-mythical women north-trojan war east-gigantomachy-giants and gods south-centarumarchy-cenitar and humans
39
the ionic frieze
continued along the inside there was the panathenaic procession-part of the festival of the same name celebrated each year on the occasion of Athena's birthday. and the east-peplos scene (giving athena new clothes each new fesitval) central scene
40
the pediments
majority of the scenes are missing carved fully in the round east has the birth of athena out of zeusses head west is athena vs possidean olive tree vs salt water spring showed the culture of the poele and the city and themes and the people and mythology
41
the erechtheion
the new temple build in diff area than the orignal temple built on a slope and has an irrgeular plan bc they were trying to avoud the orignal temple other gods are also worshiped in the temple
42
the religious signifacne of the erecheion
dedicated to athena polias -the xoanon, peplos the traditional stature madeof wood in the templ the panathenaic festival king erechteus(mythical king) olive tree of athena
43
what are the caryatids?
the only part that is build on the old temple of athena polias looking over the old temple columns are women who seem to be mouring the old temples a sign of respect connections of history -mycenan old temple policies their past propoting the glory of the city
44
who is elgin marbles?
a greek sculpture
45
Where is elgin marbles stuff and what is it called?
Now at the british museum and it is known as the parthenon structures
46
who is Thomas Bruce, 7th Lord Elgin
British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire
47
why did elgin marbles send his stuff to europe?
to prevent the scupltures from destructuion
48
What are the parthenon sculptures?
are a collection of different types of marble architectural decoration from the temple of Athena (the Parthenon) they consist of: a frieze which shows the procession of the Panathenaic festival (the commemoration of the birthday of the goddess Athena); a series of metopes (sculpted relief panels) depicting the battle between Centaurs and Lapiths at the marriage-feast of Peirithoos; and figures of the gods and legendary heroes from the temple's pediments.
49
which two cities held power in the archaic period?
Athens and Sparta
50
What was the Peloponnesian War?
The war between Athens and Sparta (sparta won)
51
What was they system of government in sparta?
oligarchy people were deprived of individuallity
52
how did the people in athens live?
freely flourished democarcy
53
Pnyx?
the smaller hill
54
The acropolis
the big hill
55
The south edge of the Agora
open-air law court
56
Altar of the Twelve Gods marked:
the centre of the city
57
Athenian potters and painters used two main techniques:
black-figure and red-figure. third was added later (white-ground)
58
The normal sequence of firing consisted of three stages:
(1) oxidation: oxygen is let into the kiln; the clay and the “paint” stay red; (2) reducing: the air vent is closed, cutting the oxygen supply; the fire heating the kiln takes oxygen from the ferric oxide in the clay; the ferric oxide (Fe2O3) turns into black-colored iron oxides (either FeO or Fe3O4); and (3) partial reoxidation: oxygen is let in again; the black pot returns to the original red; the more compact “paint” will do the same, but more slowly.
59
Red-figure was simply the reverse: the background was covered with black, whereas the figures and decorations were left in the natural clay color, orange-red
60
what does the The Nessos Amphora show
example of late Protoattic, almost early Attic black-figure pottery that illustrates mythological themes (Figure 14.3). On the neck, the hero Herakles kills Nessos, a centaur. Both figures are labeled. Below, large gorgons, with wings and monstrous heads, chase Perseus, the killer of their sister, Medusa.
61
kore wore commonly
himation (shawl) over a chiton, a cylindrical piece of cloth with openings for the head and arms, with loose sleeves buttoned over the shoulders, and worn with a belt.
62
what periods did the persian war help switch?
arachic to classical
63
uses of the hilltop of acroplois?
myceaean citadel cyclopean masonry-forification wall
64
how did the use of the acopolis change from bronze age to arachic?
Only in the Archaic period did the primary function change from fortress to religious sanctuary, with the worship of Athena predominat
65
Preservation of the Parthenon
church mosque destroyed in an explosion
66
What is the diffence between metopes and pediments?
metopes show alleogical past of greek history pediments show distant mythical past of athens
67
how many pedimetns were preserved?
small number
68
what is the entrance of the acropolis called:
the propylaia built up until the peloponnesian war
69
what was the erechtheion made of?
limestone
70
What is the theather of Dionysos and Choregic Monuments?
south slope of the acropolis is dominated by two theathers
71
what is the name of the two theathers?
odeion of herodes atticus (less significant more preserved) theather of dionysos more signifcant
72
what was the theather for?
first a religous celebration but for dionysos there was dance and musics etc
73
skene?
backdrop, tent or hut orignially
74
The Lysikrates Monument
consists of a cylindrical structure standing on a square base. It is decorated with columns with Corinthian capitals; screen walls of stone connecting the columns, thereby closing the colonnade; an Ionic frieze that shows Dionysos chased by pirates, who turn into dolphins when they are thrown into the sea; and on its rooftop, a base for the victory tripod (the tripod no longer exists).
75
Lower town
had houses and the agroa
76
what were houses made of?
mudbrick and stone foundations people relied on wells
77

Ancient Cities (12 decks)

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