Week 7

Question 1

concept of citizenship is composed of three main elements or dimensions:

Answer 1

Citizenship as legal status rather than as a political office

Citizenship as citizens specifically as political agents

citizenship as membership in a political community

Question 2

defined by civil, political and social rights.

Answer 2

citizenship as legal status

Question 3

Here, the citizen is the legal person free to act according to the law and having the right to claim the law’s protection.

Answer 3

citizenship as legal status

Question 4

It need not mean that the citizen takes part in the law’s formulation, nor does it require that rights be uniform between citizens.

Answer 4

citizenship as legal status

Question 5

actively participating in a society’s political institutions.

Answer 5

citizens specifically as political agents

Question 6

furnishes a distinct source of identity.

Answer 6

citizenship as membership in a political community

Question 7

sometimes called the “psychological” dimension of citizenship

Answer 7

citizens’ subjective sense of belonging

Question 8

should be seen as an important goal (or problem) that citizenship aims to achieve (or resolve), rather than as one of its elements.

Answer 8

Social integration

Question 9

one crucial test for any____________________ is whether or not it can be said to contribute to social integration.

Answer 9

conception of citizenship

Question 10

can itself motivate citizens to participate actively in their society’s political life.

Answer 10

Strong Civic Identity

Question 11

can be a reason to argue in favor of a differentiated allocation of rights

Answer 11

political community (or communities)

Question 12

That distinct groups within a state do not share the same sense of identity towards ‘their’ political community (or communities) can be a reason to argue in favor of a?

Answer 12

differentiated allocation of rights

Question 13

differences between conceptions of citizenship centre around four disagreements:

Answer 13

over the precise definition of each element (legal, political and identity);

over their relative importance;

over the causal and/or conceptual relations between them;

over appropriate
normative standards.

Question 14

can be found in the writings of authors like Aristotle, Tacitus, Cicero, Machiavelli, Harrington and Rousseau, and in distinct historical experiences: from Athenian democracy and Republican Rome to the Italian city-states and workers’ councils.

Answer 14

Republican model

Question 15

The key principle of the republican model is?

Answer 15

Civic self-rule

Question 16

first and foremost, “those who share in the holding of office”

Answer 16

Citizens

Question 17

also at the heart of Rousseau’s project in the Contrat Social: it is their co-authoring of the laws via the general will that makes citizens free and laws legitimate.

Answer 17

Civic self-rule

Question 18

in processes of deliberation and decision-making ensures that individuals are citizens, not subjects.

Answer 18

Active Participation

Question 19

emphasizes the second dimension of citizenship, that of political agency.

Answer 19

Republican Model

Question 20

can itself motivate citizens to participate actively in their society’s political life.

Answer 20

Strong Civic Identity

Question 21

are traceable to the Roman Empire and early-modern reflections on Roman law (Walzer 1989, 211). The Empire’s expansion resulted in citizenship rights being extended to conquered peoples, profoundly transforming the concept’s meaning.

Answer 21

Liberal Model

Question 22

meant being protected by the law rather than participating in its formulation or execution. It
became an “important but occasional identity, a legal status rather than a fact of everyday life”

Answer 22

Citizenship

Question 23

is important as a means to protecting individual freedoms from interference by other individuals or the authorities themselves.

Answer 23

political liberty

Question 24

appears either as the primary political agent or as an individual whose private activities leave little time or inclination to engage actively in politics, entrusting the business of law-making to representatives.

Answer 24

Citizen

Question 25

dominates contemporary constitutional democracies, the republican critique of the private citizen’s passivity and insignificance is still alive and well.

Answer 25

liberal model of citizenship

Question 26

does not allow the kind of “moral unity” and mutual trust that has been projected onto the ancient polis, qualities deemed necessary to the functioning of republican institutions

Answer 26

Heterogeneity of modern states

Question 27

may still act today as “a benchmark that we appeal to when assessing how well our institutions and practices are functioning”

Answer 27

Republican Model

Question 28

Michael Walzer considers that the two conceptions “go hand in hand” since “the security provided by the authorities cannot just be enjoyed; it must itself be secured, and sometimes against the authorities themselves.

Answer 28

Republican and liberal models of citizenship

Question 29

as Constant pointed out, is the necessary guarantee of individual liberty.

Answer 29

Political liberty

Question 30

which developed from the 17th century onwards, understands citizenship primarily as a legal status: political liberty is important as a means to protecting individual freedoms from interference by other individuals or the authorities themselves.

Answer 30

Liberal Tradition

Question 31

potentially inclusive and indefinitely extensible.

Answer 31

Legal dimension of citizenship