Week 7 & 8

Question 1

Main effects of histamine

Answer 1

Bronchodilation, vasodilation and increased cell permeability

Question 2

Chemicals causing pain in inflam. response

Answer 2

Histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandin

Question 3

Sensation -> Hyperalgesic process

Answer 3

Impulse travels down to the pain ending and substance P is released

Question 4

What is chronic inflam.

Answer 4

Body still has to constantly clean up bacteria etc… deglutination of this causes harmful free radicles. -> can lead to changes in DNA and tumour growth.

Question 5

Classes of anti-inflam drugs

Answer 5

NSAIDs and Disease-modifying antiheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

Question 6

NSAID function

Answer 6

inhib prostaglanding synthsising enzymes to aid provide analgesic and antipyretic effects.

Platelet aggregation is also inhib.

Question 7

Salicylates

Answer 7

aspirin

Question 8

Propionic acid derivatives

Answer 8

Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Naproxen

Question 9

Fenamates

Answer 9

diclofenac, mefenamic acid

Question 10

Oxicams

Answer 10

Piroxicam, Tenoxicam

Question 11

Selective COX

Answer 11

Celecoxib, Parecoxib

Question 12

Functions of Thromboxane A2

Answer 12

Vasoconstrict + increase ability of blood clotting

Question 13

Leukotrienes function

Answer 13

Vconstrict. Bconstrict. And promote blood clotting

Question 14

What promotes the release of prostaglandins?

Answer 14

arachidoniac acid acting on Cycloxygenases 1

Question 15

Types of prostaglandins from COX 1

Answer 15

Thrombaxane A2 (TxA2)
Prostaglandin (PGF2)
Prostaglandin (PGD2)
Prostaglandin (PGE2)
Prostacyclin (PGI2)

Question 16

TxA2 Effects

Answer 16

VConstrict and increase B clotting

Question 17

PGF2 effects

Answer 17

Uterine contraction, Bconstrict

Question 18

PGE2 Effects

Answer 18

Protective stomach mucousa (increases mucous and decreases Stomach acid)

Stimulates pain in nerves

Thermoregulation

Softens uterine and cervix contractions during labouir

Question 19

Effects of blocking PGE2

Answer 19

Analgesic effect but also effects body temp reg.

Question 20

PGD2 Effects

Answer 20

Vdilate

Inhib blood clot

Bconstrict

Regulate sleep wake cycle

Question 21

PGI2 effects

Answer 21

Vdilate and inhibs blood clotting

Question 22

Adverse effects of NSAID

Answer 22

-Gastrict bleeding and irritation
-Reduction in renal blood flow -> leads to hyper tension
-Prolonged bleeding time (good for reduction of clots - bad for gastric bleeding).
-Delay labour
-Tinnitus (good sign for OD)
-Confusion and lower signs of conciousness (sign of OD)
-Reye’s syndrome: effects children (asprin) . instead of lowering body temp it raises it… leads to convulsions and death.

Question 23

which NSAID is contrainindicated in children?

Answer 23

ASprin

Question 24

Benfits of COX 2 inhib

Answer 24

Fewer GI effects

Pro-thrombitic effects

Question 25

describe balancing act of selectivity on COX 2

Answer 25

more selective for COX 2 increases risk of thrombitic effects.. less selective = increase risk of GI risks.

Question 26

Is paracetamol better for analgesia or anti-inflam?

Answer 26

analgesia (also good diuretic)

Question 27

Benefits of paracetamol over of NSAID?

Answer 27

Less toxic to GIT

Question 28

Main problem of paracetamol

Answer 28

Liver toxicity

Question 29

Main pharmakinetic problem with paracetamol

Answer 29

5% is broken down by CYP450 -> creating a toxic active metabolite (N-acetyl-pp-benzoquinonimine -> NAPQI). not too much of a problem unless taking alchol, liver problems or OD paracetamol as glutathiones cant deal with amount of NAPQI.

Question 30

What do opidoids acton on?

Answer 30

Endogenous opioid receptors

Question 31

Natural opioids

Answer 31

Diamorphine (heroine) codeine

Question 32

Synthetic opioids

Answer 32

pethidine, fentanyl, methadone, pentazocine

Question 33

Natrually made opioids in the body

Answer 33

Beta endophin, Enkephalins and dynorphin

Question 34

Beta endophin, Enkephalins and dynorphin actions in body

Answer 34

natrually made opioids that act to modulate pain