Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHARM > Week 7 - Antibiotics > Flashcards

Week 7 - Antibiotics Flashcards

(95 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Glycopeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis?

A

Fluoroquinolones, lipopeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which antibiotic interferes with cell metabolism?

A

Sulfonamides - folic acid formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do you gain acquired resistance?

A

Prior exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 examples of acquired resistance to antibacterials

A

MRSA, VRSA, VREF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cockcorft and Gault Formula for estimating GFR

A

[ (140 – age) x (weight in Kg)] / (72 x serum creatinine)

-Multiply product by 0.85 for females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When do you estimate the GFR?

A

Before administering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What procedures do you do before antibiotic administration?

A

GFR, culture and sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the significance of measuring creatinine clearance or GFR?

A

Exchange info with the healthcare team to determine need to adjust medication dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 categories of Major adverse reactions to antibacterials

A

Allergy/hypersensitivity, superinfection, organ toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which two organs usually experience damage from antibacterials?

A

Liver (hepatotoxicity) and kidney (nephrotoxicity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is another term for secondary infection?

A

Superinfection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If a patient goes into anaphylactic shock, how do you treat them?

A

Epinephrine!! And anti-histamine, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, saline or plasma expanders for BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The two examples given for broad spectrum antibiotics

A

Tetracycline and cephalosporin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do you give if a microorganism is not identified by culture and sensitivity?

A

Broad spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Penicillin structure

A

Beta lactam ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which antibiotics have beta-lactam structure?

A

Penicillin and cephalosporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do basic penicillins kill?

A

Staph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Probenecid

A

Uricosuric drug that increases effectiveness of penicillin by decreasing excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is another term for broad-spectrum penicillins

A

Aminopenicillins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What gram (-) in particular does broad-spectrum penicillin treat?

A

E. coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella spp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Amoxicillin - category

A

Broad-Spectrum penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Excretion route of broad-spectrum penicillins

A

Kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins: mechanism, routes
Treats penicillinase-producing S. aureus; can be oral, IM, IV
26
Piperacillin (Pipracil) category
Extended-spectrum penicillin
27
Which gram (-) does extended-spectrum penicillin work on?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, proteus, Klebsiella
28
Another term for extended-spectrum penicillin
Anti-pseudomonal
29
What kind of infections does extended-spectrum penicillin treat? (6)
Bone, joint, skin, soft tissue, respiratory tract, urinary tract
30
What are beta-lactamase inhibitors given in combination with?
Penicillinase-sensitive penicillin to intensify the effect of the penicillin
31
Example of beta-lactamase + penicillin
Augmentin (Amoxicillin-clavulanate)
32
Amoxicillin is what type of penicillin?
Broad spectrum
33
Side effects of penicillin
Hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, N/V, diarrhea
34
If a patient has a history of mild reaction to penicillin....
Give cephalosporin instead
35
If a patient has a history of severe reaction to penicillin...
AVOID cephalosporin
36
Penicillins should be avoided in what kind of condition?
Severe renal insufficiency
37
Cephalosporin mechanism
Inhibits cell wall synthesis by dissolving it
38
Cephalosporins treat what kind of infections?
Bone, joint, skin, respiratory, urinary tract, genital
39
Cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol) vs Cefepime (Maxipime)
Cefazolin - 1st generation, works on gram (+) Cefepime - 4th generation, broader gram (+) and more extended gram (-) including pseudomonas, excreted by kidney, may cross blood brain barrier
40
What antibiotic can cross the blood brain barrier?
Cefepime
41
Cephalosporin side effects (6)
- Hypersensitivity - N/V, diarrhea - Alterations in blood clotting with large doses - Neutropenia - Hemolytic anmeia - Nephrotoxicity
42
Penicillin and Cephalosporin Assessment (4)
Ask about history of hypersensitivity, labs for liver and renal function, vitals, urine output
43
Client Education - what should you do with chewable tablets before swallowing?
Chew or crush
44
IV glycopeptides vs Oral glycopeptides
IV - treats drug resistant staph. infections, excreted by kidney Oral - treats staph. enterocolitics, antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to C. diff, excreted by feces
45
What kind of reaction is Red Neck and how does it appear?
Toxic reaction due to rapid IV infusion - vascular dilation, skin flushing to head/neck/upper body, rash
46
What irritates the skin in vancomycin IV?
HCl
47
How do you prevent Red Neck?
Dilute 500 mg in 100 mL or 1000 mg in 250 mL, administer over 60-120 min
48
IV Vancomycin adverse reactions (5)
Red neck, Stevens-Johnson, blood dyscrasias, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
49
Macrolide mechanism
Inhibits protein synthesis
50
Which macrolide can be given in place of pencillin?
Erythromycin
51
What kind of infections/conditions do Macrolides treat? (8)
Soft tissue, skin, respiratory tract, GI tract, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionnaire's disease
52
4 side effects of Macrolides
GI distress, hepatotoxicity, ototoxicity, tinnitus
53
Which antibiotic increases serum levles of Carbamazepine, Theophylline, and Warfarin?
Macrolides
54
Which antibiotic increases Fluconazole and Ketoconazole
Erythromycin
55
Antacids reduce absorption of which antibiotics? (3)
Azizthromycin, levofolxacin, tetracycline
56
Tetracycline mechanism
Inhibits protein synthesis
57
Which antibiotic was the first effective broad-spectrum antibiotic?
Tetracycline
58
Continuous use of tetracyclines can result in
bacterial resistance
59
3 uses for tetracyclines
Mycoplasma pneumoniase, H. pylori in combination with Metronidazole and bismuth subsalicylate, severe acne
60
Tetracyclines side effects (6)
- Gastric irritation (heartburn, epigastric distress, N/V, diarrhea/flatulence, pain) - Rash - Pruritus - Photosensitivity - Teratogenic - Can discolor teeth in kids less than 8
61
3 Tetracycline interventions
-Sun protection, don't take with antacids or dairy, newer preparations (ex. doxycycline) are better absorbed
62
Aminoglycoside - classification and example
Inhibits protein synthesis, Gentamicin
63
Which antibiotic does NOT cross the blood-brain barrier
Gentamicin
64
Which antibiotic is used for "serious infections" and requires peak and trough levels?
Gentamicin
65
7 side effects of aminoglycosides
Rash, numbness, tremors, muscle cramps/weakness, visual disturbances, photosensitivity, tinnitus
66
5 adverse reactions of gentamicin
Oliguria, uticaria, palpitations, superinfection, ototoxicity
67
5 life threatening reactions of gentamicin
Nephrotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, granulocytosis, neuromuscular blockade, liver damage
68
What increases risk for ototoxicity with gentamicin?
Loop diuretics
69
Gentamicin + amphotericin B/polymixin/cisplatin/furosemide/vancomycin can increase risk for...
nephrotoxicity
70
What should you always check on gentamicin?
Urine output and creatinine clearance
71
Fluoroquinolones mechanism and example
Interrupts DNA synthesis; Levofloxacin
72
Which antibiotic is "readily absorbed by GI tract?
Fluoroquinolones
73
Which drug is "very irritating to the gastric mucosa"
Tetracyclines
74
What do fluroquinolones treat? 6)
UTI, bone and joint infections, gonnorrhea, bronchitis, pneumonia
75
Increased Levofloxacin effect with (2)
Oral hypoglycemics and theophylline
76
Decreased absorption of Levofloxacin with (2)
Antacids, iron
77
5 adverse effects of Levofloxacin
Stevens-Johnson, encophalopathy, seizures, pseudomonas colitis (C. Diff), dysrhythmias
78
Three drugs you might see Stevens-Johnson syndrome in
IV Vancomycin, Levofloxacin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
79
Lipopeptide mechanism and example
Inhibits DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis; Daptomycin (Cubicin)
80
3 uses of Lipopeptides
Complicated skin infections, Infected endocarditis due to MRSA (MRSA resistant to Vanco), speticemia due to Staph. A infections
81
Which drug includes side effects of hypo hypertension, burning on urination, and anemia?
Daptomycin
82
Which two drugs have side effects of numbness/tingling?
Gentamicin, Daptomycin
83
6 adverse reactions of Daptomycin
Elevated CK esp. with statins (rhabdomyolysis), hypo/hyperkalemia, unexplained myopathy, neuropathy, hyperglycemia, pleural effusion
84
Daptomycin + Tobramycin...
Increased toxicity
85
Daptomycin + Coumadin...
Increases bleeding
86
Which antibiotic is oldest?
Sulfonamides
87
Which antibiotics can be used for patients allergic to PCN? (2)
Erythromycin, sulfonamides
88
What kind of infections do sulfonamides treat?
UTI, prostatis, respiratory infection, burn wounds, meningococcal meningitis, newborn eye prophylaxis, chlamydia, toxoplasmosis
89
What drug is used for the Herpes Simplex Virus?
Acyclovir sodium (Zovirax)
90
9 side effects of Acyclovir sodium
N/V, diarrhea, H/A, lethargy, tremors, rash, pruritus, increased bleeding time, phlebitis at IV site
91
2 adverse reactions to acyclovir sodium
Uticaria, anemia
92
6 life threatening reactions to Acyclovir - Sodium
Nephrotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, bone marrow depression, granulocytopenia, acute renal failure
93
Contraindications for antivirals (2)
Hypersensitivity, severe renal or hepatic disease
94
Metronidazole mechanism and what kind of infections does it treat?
Interferes with DNA function to treat anaerobic infections
95
3 patient education points for Metronidazole
Avoid alcohol (Disulfram-type reaction), avoid in first trimester of pregnancy, dark reddish brown urine with high doses

PHARM (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions