Week 7: Ch.10: Emotions & Attachment

Question 1

Attachment

Answer 1

A lasting emotional tie between two individuals who strive to maintain closeness and act to ensure that the relationship continues

Question 2

Avoidant Attachment

Answer 2

Infants show little interest in the mother and busily explore the room during the strange situation. The infant is not distressed during the strange situation and is not enthusiastic upon reuniting with the mother

Question 3

Basic Emotions

Answer 3

Emotions that are universal in humans, appear early in life, and are thought to have a long evolutionary history.

–Happiness
–Interest
–Surprise
–Fear
–Anger
–Sadness
–Disgust

Question 4

Contact Comfort

Answer 4

Close physical contact between baby and caregiver

Question 5

Daily Hassles

Answer 5

Small stresses that quickly accumulate to influence adults’ mood and abilities to cope

Question 6

Disorganized Attachment

Answer 6

First identified by Mary Main and Judith Solomon in 1986

Infants show inconsistent, contradictory behavior. Shows conflict between the approaching and fleeing the caregiver, suggestion fear.

Abuse is thought to play a role in insecure disorganized attachment

Question 7

Emotion Regulation

Answer 7

The ability to adjust and control our emotional state to influence how and when emotions are expressed

Question 8

Emotional Display Rules

Answer 8

Unstated cultural guidelines for acceptable emotions and emotional expression that are communicated to children via parents’ emotional behavior, expressions, and socialization

Question 9

Goodness of Fit

Answer 9

The compatibility between a child’s temperament and their environment, especially the parent’s temperament and child-rearing methods; the greater the degree of match, the more favorable the child’s adjustment

Question 10

Hardiness

Answer 10

Personal qualities, including a sense of control, orientation towards personal growth, and commitment to life choices, that influences adults’ ability to adapt to changes and life circumstances

Question 11

Harlow’s Monkey Studies

Answer 11

Baby rhesus monkeys were reared with two inanimate surrogate “mothers”: one made of wire mesh and a second covered with terrycloth.

The baby monkeys clung to the terrycloth mother despite being fed only by the wire mother, suggesting that attachment bonds are not based on feeding but rather on contact comfort

Question 12

Internal Working Model

Answer 12

A set of expectations about one’s worthiness of love and the availability of attachment figures during times of distress

The internal working model influences the development of self-concept, or sense of self, in infancy and becomes a guide to later relationships throughout life

Question 13

Resilience

Answer 13

The ability to adapt to serious adversity

Question 14

Resistant Attachment

Answer 14

Show a mixed pattern of responses to the mother. The infant remains preoccupied with the mother throughout the procedure, seeking proximity and contact, but the infant’s behavior during reunions suggest resistance as well as signs of anger and distress

Question 15

Secure Attachment

Answer 15

The attachment pattern in which an infant uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore, seeks contact during reunions, and is easily comforted by the caregiver

Question 16

Secure Base

Answer 16

The use of a caregiver as a foundation from which to explore and return to for emotional support

Question 17

Self-Conscious Emotions

Answer 17

Emotions that requires cognitive development and an awareness of self, such as empathy, embarrassment, shame, and guilt

Question 18

Sensitivity of Caregiving

Answer 18

The most important determinant of infant attachment

Infants become securely attached to mothers who are sensitive and responsive to their signals, who accept their role as caregiver, are accessible and cooperative with infants

Success is determined by the response and not the specific person responding

Question 19

Separation Anxiety

Answer 19

(Separation Protest)

Occurs when infants respond to the departure of a caregiver with fear, distress, and crying

Question 20

Social Referencing

Answer 20

Seeking information from caregivers about how to interpret unfamiliar or ambiguous events by observing their emotional expressions and reactions

Question 21

Spitz’s Orphanage Observations

Answer 21

Rene Spitz

Filmed infants living in Romanian orphanages

Infants were properly fed and received good health care, but there was little emphasis on emotional caregiving

–Infants were physically & developmentally stunted
–37% died over 2 years

Children who received parental love did better than the best orphanages

Question 22

Strange Situation

Answer 22

Developed by Mary Ainsworth

A structured laboratory procedure that measures the security of attachment by observing infants’ reactions to being separated from the caregiver in a an unfamiliar environment

–Exploration of the toys and room
–Reaction during separations
–Reaction during reunions

Question 23

Temperament

Answer 23

Characteristic differences among individuals in emotional reactivity, self-regulation, and activity that influences reactions to the environment and are stable, and appear early in life

Easy: regularity in biological rhythms, tendency to adapt easily, cheerfulness

Difficult: irregularity in biological rhythms, slow adaption to change, intense negative reactions

Slow-to-warm-up: mild irregularity in biological rhythms, slow adaption to change, mildly negative mood

Question 24

Consistency of Caregiving

Answer 24

The degree to which a child receives care from the same person over time