Week 7 - Differential Reinforcement, Antecedent Control, Aversive Control Flashcards
What is differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL)?
Behaviour is reinforced only if it occurs NO MORE than a SPECIFIED number of times in a given period
LONGER intervals produce even LOWER rates
Useful for REDUCING the rate of PROBLEM behaviours
EX) reinforce pigeon peck ONLY after 5 sec has elapsed since last peck
What is differential reinforcement of high rate (DRH)?
Behaviour is reinforced only if it occurs AT LEAST a specified number of times in a given period
Results in VERY HIGH rates of responding
LESS than 5 responses receive NOTHING and the clock resets.
Useful when the goal is to increase rates of behaviour
Ex) reinforce pigeon peck only when it has pecked at least 5 times within 10 seconds
What is differential reinforcement of other behaviour (DRO)?
Reinforcement is CONTINGENT on complete ABSENCE of
behaviour for a period of time
Reinforcement is only provided if the behaviour occurs
Pecking resets the clock
Also called Differential Reinforcement of Zero Responding
Ex) reinforce pigeon only after 10 sec have elapsed with no pecking
What is differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour (DRA)?
What are 2 variations?
A desired (replacement) behaviour is reinforced while an UNDESIRED behaviour is extinguished
1) Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviour (DRI)
- behaviour that is incompatible with the unwanted behaviour is reinforced.
- increasing rate of desired behaviour also decreases the rate of undesired behaviour because the two cannot occur simultaneously
2) Differential Reinforcement of Communication (DRC)
- a communication response is reinforced to replace the problematic behaviour.
- more rapid
- also called Functional Communication Training.
What is resurgence?
What does it do to DRA?
Reappearance DURING extinction of a previously reinforced behaviour
PREDICTS the re-emergence of the problematic behaviour if the alternative behaviour goes in EXTINCTION/cant be performed
What is a possible solution to resurgence?
Train multiple alternative/acceptable behaviours in series so that an acceptable behaviour resurges
True or false. DRA is sometimes too effective
If true, what are some solutions?
True
If alternative behaviour is RAPIDLY learned then it might replace the problem behaviour before it has been ADEQUATELY extinguished
Makes the problem behaviour MORE likely to return
1) do not reinforce alternative behaviour immediately
2) additional training sessions where problem behaviour on extinction, alternative not performed
3) train multiple/acceptable behaviours
How do you identify putative reinforcers?
1) use reinforcer maintaining undesirable behaviour
2) observe activities that are enjoyable/high probability
3) ask them questions about what they LIKE
4) conduct preference assessment
What is the preference assessment?
What are the aspects?
1) Single Stimulus Assessment
• Potential reinforcers presented INDIVIDUALLY multiple times in RANDOM orderings
• Percentage of approaches are calculated
2) Paired Stimulus Assessment
• Potential reinforcers are presented in PAIRS
• Each stimulus is presented with every other stimulus multiple times
• Percentage of approaches/selections are calculated
3) Multiple Stimulus Assessment
• Potential reinforcers are presented in a FULL ARRAY
• Items are REMOVED as they are CHOSEN
• Process is REPEATED with varied item orderings
• Items chosen first are likely more reinforcing
How do you use DRA? (The steps)
1) Define the target behaviours to increase and decrease.
2) Identify the reinforcer for the problem behaviour.
3) Choose a reinforcer for the desirable/alternative behaviour.
4) Extinguish the undesirable behaviour and reinforce the alternate behaviour(s).
- Extinguish or devalue the reinforcer for the undesirable behaviour(s)
- Consider using DRL, DRO procedures if not possible
5) Begin to incorporate intermittent schedules of reinforcement for the desirable behaviour
Using is easiest when the behaviour occurs ___________ or can be __________
DRA can promote ____________
Occasionally
Prompted
—————————————
Creativity (increases response variability)
What is ratio strain?
Disruption of the pattern of responding due to stretching the ratio of reinforcement too abruptly or too far
SELF-MODIFICATION is susceptible to this because YOU control access to the reinforcer
What is another name for antecedents?
What are the 3 different kinds?
Controlling stimuli
1) controlling stimulus S), types - sD, S-delta, S-ave
2) discriminative stimulus (sD)
3) extinction stimulus (S-delta)
How does presenting an SD increase desirable behaviour?
Present stimuli/ arrange environments such that the behaviour will be MORE LIKEY to occur
Note:
SDS don’t guarantee that a behaviour will occur, they just alter the probability and some will alter it more than others.
Ex) Healthy Eating:
• Have healthy foods readily available
• Read food labels before purchasing
• Post inspirational pictures, quotes, etc. in problem areas
How does EO increase desirable behaviour?
Insomnia:
• Avoid taking naps during the day
• Only go to bed when actually tired
• Wake up at the same time each day
