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Week 7: Model Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Organisms (non-human species) used for the study of biological processes.

A

Model Organism

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2
Q

Show facts or principles that are relevant to an entire domain of life.

A

Model Organism

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3
Q

Characteristics of model organisms?

A
  • small for easy storage
  • have short generation time
  • easy to work with in large numbers
  • cheap to maintain
  • produce many offspring
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4
Q

Used to study genome of human diseases.

A

Model Organism

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5
Q

It is the classical model of molecular biology.

A

Escherichia coli

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6
Q

Escherichia coli divides every?

A

20 minutes

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7
Q

Why does E. coli have an easy storage?

A

Because it is only placed in a petri dish

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8
Q

It is used to study transcription, translation, recombination, DNA repair and gene regulation

A

Prokaryotes (Bacteria)

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9
Q

Prokaryotes (Bacteria) is used to study?

A
  • transcription
  • translation
  • recombination
  • DNA repair
  • gene regulation
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10
Q

It was the first eukaryote genome to be fully sequenced.

A

Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

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11
Q

Scientific name of Baker’s yeast?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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12
Q

General term for Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

A

Baker’s yeast

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13
Q

Yeast is a type of?

A

Fungi

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14
Q

Yeasts are useful organisms for the study of?

A

basic eukaryotic phenomena

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15
Q

Chief limitation of yeast?

A

lack of distinct tissues

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16
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans was chosen as a model organism for its?

A
  • simplicity and experimental tractability
  • initial interest in the development of the nervous system
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17
Q

First multicellular organism with its complete genome sequenced.

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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18
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans is a?

A

non-parasitic nematode (roundworm)

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19
Q

_________ have led to the molecular identification of many genes in developmental and cell biological processes.

A

Forward and reverse genetics

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20
Q

Genetics wherein the phenotype is figured first then we look for the gene responsible after.

A

Forward genetics

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21
Q

Genetics wherein the gene is discovered first before its function.

A

Reverse genetics

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22
Q

A technique for reverse genetics in which silencing the gene is performed.

A

Gene knockout/gene knockdown

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23
Q

It is transparent so individual cells are easily visualized.

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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24
Q

It is a model used to study several human diseases.

A

Drosophila melanogaster

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25
Scientific name of the fruit fly?
Drosophila melanogaster
26
General term of Drosophila melanogaster?
Fruit Fly
27
Extensively used in biomedical research.
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit Fly)
28
Mutant genes identified in the _______ that produce abnormalities of the nervous system have been found to have human counterparts.
fruit fly
29
Utilized for the transfer of mutant human disease genes using recombinant DNA technology.
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit Fly)
30
What makes the fruit fly a good model organism?
* manipulability of its genetic system * its comparable biological complexity to mammals
31
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit Fly) provided new insights into?
* cancer * neurodegenerative diseases * behavior * immunity * aging * development
32
Scientific name of Zebrafish?
Danio rerio
33
General term of Danio rerio?
Zebrafish
34
Vertebrate systems such as the zebrafish provide an accurate model for?
human disease conditions
35
Small and cheaper to maintain than mice
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
36
The embryos are nearly transparent which allows the observation of the development of internal structures.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
37
Eggs are fertilized outside the mother’s body, thus useful for studying early development.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
38
Similar genetic structure to humans
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
39
Has the same major organs and tissues as humans
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
40
Chick Embryo contributed to the knowledge of the?
* immune system * virology * cell biology * cancer * genetics
41
They are used to study development.
Chick Embryo
42
Scientific name of mouse?
Mus musculus
43
Used to study aspects of human biology and medicine.
Mouse
44
Closest mammalian model organism to humans.
Mouse
45
The advantage of the mouse system is the ability to make?
targeted gene knockouts
46
Scientific name of rats?
Rattus norvegicus
47
Rats were once the animal of choice decades ago but became unpopular because?
its genome cannot tolerate insertion of foreign DNA near the extent of the mouse genome
48
True or false: Mice are more tolerant than rat genomes.
True
49
True or false: Rats are larger than mice.
True
50
True or false: Rats have fine hair in their tails.
False. Rats do not have fine hair in their tails.
51
A flowering plant.
Arabidopsis thaliana
52
Commonly known as thale cress.
Arabidopsis thaliana
53
Arabidopsis thaliana is commonly known as?
thale cress
54
A sophisticated model for the plant kingdom.
Arabidopsis thaliana
55
Characteristics of Arabidopsis thaliana?
* small size * easy genetics * with prolific seed production through self pollination
56
Recognized because of its small genome
Arabidopsis thaliana
57
Advantages: Yeast
* Excellent genetics * Genes can be easily cloned * Genome sequence complete * Possess all basic eukaryotic organelles * Cell cycle control similar to animals
58
Disadvantages: Yeast
* No distinct tissues
59
Advantages: Nematode
* Excellent genetics * Hermaphrodites * RNAi effective * Genome sequence complete * Few cells: 959 cells, 302 neurons * All cell lineages are known
60
Disadvantages: Nematode
* Limited external morphology * Less similar to human than flies * Some embryological manipulations difficult
61
Advantages: Fruit fly
* Genome sequence complete * RNAi effective * Fast generation time * Transgenic animals easily generated * Mosaic analysis
62
Meaning of RNAi?
RNA interference
63
A method of gene knockout/knockdown that uses a double-stranded RNA.
RNA interference (RNAi)
64
Disadvantages: Fruit fly
* Embryological manipulations difficult
65
Advantages: Zebrafish
* Simplest vertebrate with good genetics * Easy examination of morphological defects (clear embryos) * Embryological manipulations possible * Organ systems similar to other vertebrates (eyes, heart, blood, GIT) * Rapid vertebrate development
66
Disadvantages: Zebrafish
* Cannot easily make transgenic animals
67
Advantages: Chicken
* Availability, low cost * Accessibility, outside of mother * Well suited for embryological manipulation * Easily transfected by avian retroviruses
68
Disadvantages: Chicken
* Limited genome data at present
69
Advantages: Mouse
* Mammal with brains similar to human * Reverse genetics * Developmental overview is same for all mammals * Construction of chimeric embryos possible * Availability of material at all stages * Source of primary cells for culture
70
Disadvantages: Mouse
* Forward genetics difficult * Embryonic manipulations difficult (inside mother) * Development and life cycle relatively slow (months)
71
Advantages: Humans
* Many diseases, self-reporting mutants * Some good family pedigrees * Genome sequence complete
72
Disadvantages: Humans
* Fetal material difficult * No experimental access
73
True or false: Recombinant DNA technology and RNAi are applicable to humans.
False

CYTO (6 decks)

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