Week 7 Neoplasia- Nelson

Question 1

Neoplasia

Answer 1

uncontrolled cell growth

Question 2

Benign

Answer 2

can’t spread to another tissue, does not metastize, generally well differentiated, low mitotic rate

Question 3

Malignant

Answer 3

has ability to metastasize (can spread to other tissues), less well differentiated, higher mitotic rate, may show atypical mitotic figures

Question 4

hamartoma

Answer 4

non-neoplastic disorganized collection of normal tissue

Question 5

Dysplasia

Answer 5

refers to the disordered growth and cytologic changes seen in epithelium

Question 6

carcinoma in situ

Answer 6

arise from surface epithelium which exhibits dysplasia

Question 7

Adenoma

Answer 7

benign and glandular

Question 8

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 8

malignant and glandular

Question 9

Carcinoma

Answer 9

epithelial origin

Question 10

Sarcome

Answer 10

mesenchymal origin

Question 11

Teratoma

Answer 11

germ cell origin

Question 12

What is the number one cancer killer? Top 3?

Answer 12

LUNG
prostate/breast
colorectal

Question 13

4 types of gene typically mutated in cancer

Answer 13

• growth-promoting proto-oncogenes (gain of functon)
• growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes (loss of function/heterozygozity)
• Genes that regulate programmed cell death
• Genes involved in DNA repair
• chromosomal translocation

Question 14

HER2- neu

Answer 14

breast cancer, over expression of growth factor

Question 15

APC

Answer 15

ubinquate B-catenin

COLON CANCER

Question 16

BRCA

Answer 16

regulates DNA repair, BREAST CANCER

Question 17

RB

Answer 17

retinblastoma

Rb binds E2F

Question 18

TGF-B

Answer 18

pancreatic, colorectal carcinomas

Question 19

p53

Answer 19

LUNG, COLON, Breast carcinomas

Question 20

Altered cellular metabolism

Answer 20

Warburg effect, can detect using PET scan

Question 21

The two enablers of cancer

Answer 21

Genomic instability

Inflammation

Question 22

Genomic instability

Microinstability vs. Chromosomal instability

Answer 22

inherited defects in DNA repair mechanisms are at greatly increased risk of developing cancer
MIN- arises most often from defects in mismatch repair and nuclear excision repair

Question 23

direct acting chemical carcinogenesis

Answer 23

required no metabolic conversion to become carcinogenic

Question 24

indirect acting chemical carcinogenesis

Answer 24

required metabolic conversion of procarcinogen to an ultimate carcinogen to become active

Question 25

Paraneoplastic Syndrome

Answer 25

symptom complex in cancer patient, tumor secreting hormones in places that should not be releasing hormone (endocrine hormones released in lungs)

Question 26

Cachexia or wasting

Answer 26

progressive loss of body fat and lean muscle mass along with weakness and anorexia that is associated with cancer

Question 27

Grading

Answer 27

degree of differentiation of the tumor cells (1 is most differentiated)

Question 28

Staging

Answer 28

size/ or local degree of invasion

Question 29

T

Answer 29

characteristics of tumor

Question 30

N

Answer 30

nodal metastasis

Question 31

M

Answer 31

metastasis

Question 32

immunohistochemical

Answer 32

detects cell products or surface markers on tissue - categorization of undifferentiat malignant tumors - determination of the site of origin of a tumor - detection of molecules that have prognostic or therapeutic significance

Question 33

Flow cytometry

Answer 33

- identification of leukemias and lymphomas - quantification of cells (sub populations expressing the antigen of interest) in a stream of fluid by passing them by an electronic detection device

Question 34

Cancer biomarkers

Answer 34

cannot be used for definitive diagnosis of cancer, but selected situations can assist in screening for cancer (ex. elevated PSA in prostate cancer)