Week 7 Urinary Function

Question 1

What hormone is responsible for growth of prostate tissue?

Answer 1

DHT - dihydrotestosterone

Question 2

What enzyme produces DHT from testosterone?

Answer 2

5a-reductase

Question 3

What is the common medication prescribed for BPH that is a 5a-reductase inhibitor?

Answer 3

finasteride

Question 4

What are common causes of stress incontinence in women?

Answer 4

Pregnancy and childbirth.

Question 5

What is a common cause of stress incontinence in men?

Answer 5

prostate removal

Question 6

What are 2 common causes of stress incontinence in adults?

Answer 6

1. Obesity
2. Smoker’s cough

Question 7

What muscles are involved in urge incontinence?

Answer 7

detrusor muscles, contract involuntarily

Question 8

What type of incontinence is caused by chronic over-distension?

Answer 8

Overflow incontinence

Question 9

What could be the cause of a weak urine stream?

Answer 9

overflow incontinence caused by an obstruction caused by an enlarged prostate or uterine fibroid.

Question 10

What type of incontinence can be caused by delirium or infection?

Answer 10

transient incontinence

Question 11

What age are children expected to have bladder control? Daytime and Night-time?

Answer 11

Daytime: 4-5 years
Night-time: 5-7 years

Question 12

What is the term for uncontrolled night-time voiding?

Answer 12

enuresis

Question 13

Why would you check the PSA (prostate specific antigen) level for a man having BPH symptoms?

Answer 13

Symptoms of BPH are the same as prostate cancer. PSA is “prostate specific antigen”

Question 14

After testing PSA levels, what would the next step be for diagnosis in prostate cancer?

Answer 14

Biopsy

Question 15

What 2 symptoms in men would you suspect complicated UTI/prostatitis?

Answer 15

Pelvic pain
perineal pain

Question 16

What symptoms can an older adult have in relation to a UTI?

Answer 16

Confusion, falls

Question 17

What does leukocytes indicate in a urinalysis?

Answer 17

presence of leukocyte esterase that is released by WBCs.

Question 18

What do WBC casts in a urinalysis indicate?

Answer 18

Acute pyelonephritis.

Question 19

What would cause a false-positive nitrite on a urinalysis?

Answer 19

Dietary - beets
Meds-Pyridium

Question 20

What would cause a false-negative nitrite on a urinalysis?

Answer 20

Fresh urine - not enough time to convert nitrates to nitrites
Low pH - from cranberry consumption

Question 21

What bacteria is responsible for most UTIs and what would a urinalysis show?

Answer 21

E. Coli - Nitrites will be elevated since E.coli converts nitrates to nitrites.

Question 22

What is suspected when you have pyuria present on urinalysis but culture is negative?

Answer 22

STIs - Gonorrhea or Chlamydia causing inflammation of the urethra.

Question 23

What are 80% of kidney stones composed of?

Answer 23

Calcium + Oxalate

Question 24

What is the most common symptom of bladder cancer that is often ignored?

Answer 24

painless hematuria (blood in urine)

Question 25

50% of all bladder cancers include this risk factor.

Answer 25

smoking

Question 26

What are 3 main symptoms of renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 26

1. hematuria 2. abdominal renal mass/flank pain 3. unexplained weight loss

Question 27

What is the most commonly occurring kidney cancer?

Answer 27

Renal cell carcinoma

Question 28

What causes acute tubular necrosis?

Answer 28

Nephrotoxic drugs

Question 29

What disease includes intraglomerular hypertension and glomerular hypertrophy?

Answer 29

Chronic Kidney Disease

Question 30

Why does CKD (chronic kidney disease) require an adjustment of medications?

Answer 30

Kidneys will not process out medications as they decline, so it may require adjusting doses down. Ex: less insulin for DM.

Question 31

Why does CKD (chronic kidney disease) affect bone health?

Answer 31

Failing kidneys have altered vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate

Question 32

What disorder includes fluid-filled cysts on the kidneys?

Answer 32

polycystic kidney disease

Question 33

What chromosomes are mutated in Autosomal Dominant PKD (polycystic kidney disease)?

Answer 33

1. Chromosome 16 (PKD1 locus) 78% 2. Chromosome 4 (PKD2 locus) 22%

Question 34

What are 3 neonatal signs of PKD?

Answer 34

1. Potter facies - skin folds at corner of inner eye, pointed nose, small chin, floppy/low-set ears. 2. Flank masses - large, bilateral 3. Respiratory distress - fluid accumulation from renal impairment

Question 35

What level of proteinuria is associated with nephrOtic syndrome?

Answer 35

>3.5 g/day

Question 36

Define epispadias

Answer 36

urethral opening is on the dorsal (front) surface of the penis or higher in the female toward the clitoris

Question 37

Define hypospadias

Answer 37

urethral opening is on the underside (ventral) of the penis or

Question 38

Define cryptorchidism

Answer 38

testes do not descend, common in prematurity

Question 39

What is the definition of infertility

Answer 39

Inability to conceive after 1 year of actively trying at least once a month. (15%)

Question 40

What is the most common cause of infertility in women?

Answer 40

PCOS causing ovulation dysfunction

Question 41

What time of day are testosterone levels the highest?

Answer 41

early morning

Question 42

Define phimosis and paraphimosis

Answer 42

Phimosis - unable to retract foreskin Paraphimosis - unable to return a retracted forskin back.

Question 43

Define priapism and list its causes.

Answer 43

Definition: prolonged painful erection. Causes: Sickle cell, lukemia, tumors, DM, MS, Stroke, alcohol, Meds: anticoags, antianxiety, phosphodiasterase inhibitors,

Question 44

What is the condition that presents with an accumulation of fluid in the testes?

Answer 44

Hydrocele

Question 45

What is the condition that presents with a painless sperm-filled cyst between the testes and epididymis?

Answer 45

Spermatocele

Question 46

What condition is the most common cause of low sperm count?

Answer 46

Varicocele (dilated vein in spermatic cord)

Question 47

What is the likely diagnosis for sudden , severe testicular pain?

Answer 47

Testicular torsion

Question 48

What is the name for a benign pelvic tumor (uterine fibroids) in women?

Answer 48

Leiomyoma

Question 49

Which two STIs are responsible for prostatitis (inflammation of prostate)?

Answer 49

1) N. gonorrhea 2) C. trachomatis

Question 50

What infection is caused by C. trachomatis?

Answer 50

Chlamydia

Question 51

What infection is caused by T. pallidum?

Answer 51

Syphilis