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AN SCI 373 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients

A
  • Substance providing nourishment for growth and maintenance of life
  • Needed to meet continuous requirement for ATP needed for use in cellular respiration
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2
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

Required in diet because not synthesized by animals

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3
Q

6 Nutrients

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Water
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4
Q

Digestive system components

A

-Mouth
-Tongue
-Pharynx
- Esophagus
-Stomach
- Small intestine
-Large Intestine

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5
Q

Accessory Organs

A
  • Salivary Glands
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Gallbladder
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6
Q

4 Major Processes

A
  • Motility
  • Secretion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
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7
Q

Motility

A

Muscular contractions of gut (propulsive and mixing)

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8
Q

Secretion

A

Digestive juices from exocrine glands

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9
Q

Digestion

A

-Breakdown of structurally complex foodstuff into smaller absorbable units
- Accomplished by hydrolysis

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10
Q

Absorption

A

Occurs in small intestine (mostly) and large intestine

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11
Q

Carbohydrate digestion

A
  • In oral cavity: polysaccharides into smaller polysaccharides via salivary amylase
  • In lumen of small intestine: Polysaccharides to disaccharides via Pancreatic amylases
  • In Epithelium of small intestine (brush border): Disaccharides to monosaccharides
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12
Q

Protein digestion

A
  • In stomach: Proteins to small polypeptides via pepsin
  • In lumen of small intestine: Polypeptides to smaller polypeptides via pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin
  • In lumen of small intestine: Smaller polypeptides into amino acids via pancreatic carboxypeptidase
  • In brush border: Small peptides to amino acids via dipeptidases, carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase
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13
Q

Nucleic acid digestion

A
  • In lumen of small intestine: DNA and RNA to nucleotides via pancreatic nucleases
  • In Brush border: Nucleotides to nucleosides via nucleotidases
  • In brush border: Nucleosides to nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates via nucleosidases and phosphatases
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14
Q

Fat digestion

A
  • In lumen of small intestine: Fat globules into fat droplets via bile salts
  • In lumen of small intestine: fat droplets to glycerol, fatty acids, and monoglycerides via pancreatic lipase
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15
Q

Oral cavity location and purpose

A
  • Most cranial portion of digestive tract
    -Reduces size of food (mastication and saliva)
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16
Q

Oral cavity componenets

A
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Pharynx
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17
Q

Teeth

A
  • Mechanical reduction
    -Increase food surface area
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18
Q

Tongue

A

-Muscle
- Fibers oriented in 3 directions

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19
Q

Pharynx

A

Passageway for food and air

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20
Q

Types of teeth in Humans

A

-Premolars
-Molars
-Canine
-Incisors

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21
Q

Mastication

A
  • Grind/break up food
  • Mix food with saliva
  • Stimulate taste buds (prepares for arrival of food)
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22
Q

Saliva

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Moistens food
  • Salivary amylase
  • Lysozyme
  • Neutralization of food
  • Taste bud stimulation
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23
Q

Where does digestion start

A

Mouth

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24
Q

Nonruminants

A

One compartment

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25
Ruminants
-Four compartments (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum)
26
Abomasum
True stomach in ruminants
27
Esophagus
Connects pharynx to stomach
28
Stomach function
- Storage function - Beginning of digestion for proteins - Chyme formation
29
Stomach anatomy
- Gastroesophageal sphincter - Fundus - Body/Corpus - Antrum - Pyloric Sphincter
30
Gastroesophageal Sphincter
Prevents reflux and heartburn
31
Fundus
Storage of ingested food
32
Body/Corpus
Digesta mixed w/ gastric secretions
33
Antrum
Regulates release of food into small intestine, mixes
34
Pylorix Sphincter
Barrier between stomach and small intestine
35
Stomach storage
Emptied at a rate for optimal digestion and absorption into small intestine
36
Beginning of protein digestion
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion and enzymes for protein digestion
37
Chyme formation
- Pulverized digesta mixed with gastric secretions - Mixing movements
38
What chemical is important for digestion in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid
39
Gastric motility of stomach
- Gastric filling - Gastric storage - Gastric mixing - Gastric emptying
40
Gastric filling
- Can accommodate a 20 fold change in volume with little tension and little rise in pressure - Receptive relaxation: stomach folds get smaller and flatten out as stomach relaxes (triggered by act of eating)
41
Gastric Storage
Body of stomach
42
Gastric Mixing
-Antrum - Peristaltic contractions - Propels chyme to pass through pyloric sphincter
43
Gastric Emptying
- Controlled by antral peristaltic contractions - Dependent on strength of peristalsis and size of ingested material
44
Gastric cell types
- Mucous cells - Chief cells - Parietal cells - Surface epithelial cells - Enterochromaffin cells - G cells - D cells
45
Mucous Cells
Secrete mucous
46
Chief Cells
Secrete pepsinogen
47
Parietal Cells
secrete HCl and gastric intrinsic factor
48
Surface Epithelial Cells
Secrete alkaline mucus
49
Enterochromaffin cells
secrete histamine (increases rate of HCl)
50
G cells
secrete gastrin (also stimulates enteroochromaffin cells to release histamine; in response to Ach and protein products)
51
D cells
secrete somatostatin (in response to acid; blocked parietal, G and EC cells)
52
Gastric Acetylcholine
released by intrinsic nerve plexus (vagus stimulation)
53
Gastric HCl
- Activates pepsinogen to pepsin (pepsin begins protein digestion) - Aids in breakdown of connective tissue and muscles - Denatures proteins - Kills microorganisms - HCl does not do any digestion
54
Pepsinogen Activation
- Parietal cells secrete HCl - Chief cells secrete Pepsinogen - HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin in the gastric lumen
55
Exocrine Pancreas
- Pancreatic enzymes from acinar cells - Proteolytic enzymes - Pancreatic amylase - Pancreatic lipase - Aqueous alkaline solution from duct cells rich in sodium bicarbonate that quickly neutralizes acidic chyme entering SI
56
Proteolytic enzymes function
Protein digestion
57
Pancreatic amylase
CHO digestion, secreted in active form
58
Pancreatic lipase
Hydrolyzes TGs to MGs and FFAs
59
Biliary System
- Secretes bile - Liver and gallbladder
60
Pancreatic Prolytic Enzymes
- Proteolytic zymogens such as: -Trypsinogen -Chymotrypsin -Procarboxypeptidase * each attach different peptide linkages
61
Activation cascade for pancreatic proteolytic enzymes
- Trypsinogen to Trypsin via enterokinase - Chymotrypsinogen to Chymotrypsin via Trypsin - Procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase via trypsin
62
What are the exocrine fluids the pancreas secretes
Pancreatic enzymes and alkaline solution
63
Liver
-Largest and most important metabolic organ - Secretion of bile salts - Metabolic processing of nutrients - Detoxification and degradation - Synthesis of lipoproteins - Storage of glycogen, fats, iron, copper, etc. - Removal of bacteria and worn out red blood cells - Excretion of cholesterol, biliverdin and bilirubin -Synthesis of Vitamin C
64
The Hepatic Portal System (liver blood supply)
The liver receives blood from: - arterial blood (provides livers O2 supply and metabolites for hepatic processing) via hepatic artery - Venous blood draining the digestive tract (provides newly absorbed nutrients) via hepatic portal vein Blood leaves via hepatic vein
65
Bile
- Secreted continuously by liver - Stored and concentrated in gallbladder (stored when entry into duodenum is closed) - Enters duodenum after a meal which is guarded by the sphincter of oddi
66
Bile components
- Bile salts: conjugated to a taurine or glycine (reduce toxicity) - Derivative of Cholesterol
67
Recycling bile salts
enterohepatic circulation
68
Bile Salts function
- Aid in fat digestion through detergent action - Facilitate fat absorption through formation of micelles - Emulsification - Micelle formation
69
Emulsification
- Converge large fat globules into lipid emulsion of many small droplets (primarily undigested triglycerides); helps pancreatic lipase and colipase - Increases the surface area to be able to allow lipase to attach for fat digestion - Acts like a detergent
70
Micelle formation
Bile salts aggregate into small cluster to carry hydrophobic material through watery contents of lumen
71
Small intestine
- Food enters as chyme (after leaving the stomach) - Primary location of digestion and absorption - Large surface area and specialized transport mechanisms
72
Small intestine components
Duodenum, jejunum, Ileum
73
4 Layers of Small Intestine
-Mucosa -Submucosa -Muscularis externa - Serosa
74
Mucosa layers
- Mucous membrane (inner) - Lamina propria (middle) - Muscularis mucosa (outside)
75
Mucous membrane
- Inner layer of mucosa - Exocrine cells (digestive juices), endocrine cells (gastrointestinal hormones), epithelial cells (absorption of digested materials)
76
Lamina propria
- Middle layer of mucosa - Connective tissue, house gut-associate lymphoid tissue
77
Muscularis mucosa
- Outside layer of mucosa - smooth muscle layer
78
Submucosa
Connective tissue, provides distensibility and elasticity (blood/lymph vessels)
79
Muscularis externa
Major smooth muscle coat; inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer
80
Serosa
Outer connective layer, secretes serous fluid that lubricates; continuous with mesentery
81
SI Surface Area
-Folds -Villi -Microvilli
82
Small intestine segmentation
-Small intestine's method of motility - Mixes and propels chyme - Oscillating, ring-like contractions of the circular smooth muscle - Migrating motility complex - Ileocecal juncture
83
Small intestine digestion
Digestion accomplished by pancreatic enzymes along with bile
84
Location of SI digestion enzymes
Function at brush border
85
Brush border enzymes
- Enterokinase - Disaccharidases - Aminopeptidases
86
Enterokinase
Activates trypsinogen into trypsin
87
Disaccharidases
Complete CHO digestion, disaccharides into monosaccharides
88
Aminopeptidases
Hydrolyze small peptides into amino acid fragments
89
SI absorption
-Primary function - Duodenum and jejunum primarily - CHO, protein, fat, ingested electrolytes, vitamins, water indiscriminately - Ca and Fe absorption adjusted individually -Lining is rapidly turned over (100 million intestinal cells shed/min)
90
CHO absorption
-Presented mainly in the form of maltose, sucrose, lactose (disaccharides) - Disaccharides are in the brush border (breakdown disaccharides into monosaccharides)
91
Protein Absorption
-Amino acids and some small peptides - Symporters - Small peptides use tertiary active transport - Absorbed protein used to synthesize new protein for the body (enzymes and muscle recovery)
92
Symporters
Membrane protein involved in transport of 2 or more different molecules across membrane
93
Lipid Absorption
-Passive process - Micelles reach luminal membrane - FFAs & monoglycerides leave micelles and diffuse into enterocyte - Monoglycerides and FFAs resynthesized into TGs - TGs form into Chylomicrons (water-soluble lipoprotein) - Chylomicrons enter lymphatic system for transport
94
Large Intestine
- Temporary storage for excreta -Indigestible food residues, unabsorbed biliary components, remaining fluid - Extracts water and salt - Some microbes present that make volatile fatty acids -Movements usually slow and non-propulsive - No digestive enzymes - LI converts luminal contents to feces
95
Large Intestine Components
- Colon (primary component, ranges in size dependent on species) - Cecum - Rectum
96
Luminal contents to feces
-Mass movements propel colonic contents - Food entering stomach stimulates gastrocolic reflex - Eliminated by defecation reflex

AN SCI 373 (9 decks)

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