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KNPE331 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Important parts of the spine

A
  • facet joints
  • vertebral body
  • disc
  • spinous process
  • transverse process
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2
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

C1-C7

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3
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

T1-T12

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4
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

L1-L5

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5
Q

Structures of the right upper quadrant

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • duodenum
  • head of pancreas
  • right kidney and adrenal gland
  • hepatic flexure of colon
  • part of transverse and ascending colon
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6
Q

Structures of left upper quadrant of abdomen

A
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • left lobe of liver
  • body of pancreas
  • left kidney and adrenal gland
  • splenic flexure of colon
  • parts of transverse and descending colon
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7
Q

Structures of right lower quadrant of abdomen

A
  • caecum
  • appendix
  • right ovary and tube
  • right ureter
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8
Q

Structures of left lower quadrant of abdomen

A
  • part of descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • left ovary and tube
  • left ureter
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9
Q

What is a fascial chain?

A
  • fascia runs from quads to psoas to quadratus lumboroum and travels over posterior aspect of the kidneys to cover the diaphragm
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10
Q

Palpation of the abdomen

A
  • palpate the 4 quadrants
  • start superficial and gradually increase pressure
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11
Q

What is a sports hernia (athletic pubalgia)?

A
  • fascial weakness in abdominal wall where abdominals and adductors attach to pubic bone
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12
Q

Mechanism of injury of sports hernia?

A
  • repetitive strain in the area
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13
Q

What sports is a sports hernia common in?

A
  • hockey
  • football
  • soccer
  • sprinters/hurdlers
  • rugby
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14
Q

Signs and symptoms of sports hernia

A

Pain with:
- sitting up
- quick cutting
- sprinting
- coughing

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15
Q

Special test for sports hernia

A
  • resisted sit up
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16
Q

Acute management for sports hernia

A
  • PIER
  • adductor wrap
  • sequential RTP
    *easily re-irritated
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17
Q

Conservative treatment for sports hernia length

A
  • 4-6 weeks
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18
Q

Visceral structures potentially affected in sport

A
  • kidney contusions
  • spleen rupture (mono?)
  • lungs (pneumothorax)
  • bladder rupture (empty bladder)
  • testicular contusions
  • heart
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19
Q

Abdominal injuries MOI

A
  • direct blow
  • fall from height
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20
Q

Signs and symptoms of abdominal injuries

A
  • pain
  • rigidity in abdomen
  • feeling unwell
  • shock
  • Cullen sign (umbilicus discoloration)
  • Grey Turner sign (flank discoloration)
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21
Q

Acute management of abdominal injuries

A
  • quadrant palpation
  • call 911
  • rest comfortably
  • treat for shock
  • reassure
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22
Q

Kidney injuries MOI

A
  • blow to back
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23
Q

Signs and symptoms of kidney injuries

A
  • pain in low back
  • peeing blood
  • feeling unwell
  • shock
  • refer
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24
Q

Causes of sudden death of athletes

A

Usually due to cardiac disease:
- congenital abnormalities of coronary arteries
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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25
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- genetic condition causing thickening of heart muscle - leading cause of sudden death in athletes - altered rhythm = reduced/blocked blood flow
26
Warning signs of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- fainting or seizure - dizziness or light headedness - chest pain - palpations (quick/fluttering/irregular/pounding heart beats) - shortness of breath
27
Emerging causes of acquired heart disease in young athletes
- anabolic steroids - peptide hormones - stimulants (ie. energy drinks)
28
What is a blow to the solar plexus (ie. "wind knocked out of you")
- spasm of diaphragm muscle
29
MOI of a blow to the solar plexus
- blow to abdomen or chest - fall on buttocks or back
30
Signs and symptoms of a blow to the solar plexus
- pain - difficulty breathing - panicky
31
Acute management of a blow to the solar plexus
- bring athlete's knees gently towards chest - guided breathing - diaphragmatic breathing - RTP once symptoms resolve
32
Facet joint sprain MOI
- forced rotation
33
Signs and symptoms of facet joint sprain
- hear/feel pop - sharp localized pain - pain with motions that open the joint - muscle guarding
34
What sports are facet joint sprains common?
- contact sports such as from an unexpected hit
35
What level of the spine are facet joint sprains common?
- c-spine due to large ROM
36
Special tests for facet joint sprains
- quadrant test (positive if pain on the opp side or joint that you are opening)
37
Acute management of facet joint sprain
- PIER - refer
38
What is facet joint effusion?
- irritation of the facet joint
39
MOI of facet joint effusion
- sudden episode of extreme ROM
40
Signs and symptoms of facet joint effusion
- click or sharp pain - localized pain - spasm around inflamed joint - nerve root irritated - closing joint painful
41
Special test for facet joint effusion
- quadrant test (positive if pain on same side)
42
Acute management of facet joint effusion
- PIER - refer
43
Disc protrusions MOI
- acute or chronic compression through disc, often in flexed position
44
What does a disc protrusion result in?
- bulge in disc resulting in changes to myotomes & dermatomes
45
Signs and symptoms of disc protrusion
- pain with repeat forward bending - relief with extension - pain with cough/sneeze
46
Management of disc protrusion
- refer for conservative treatment
47
If inert structures are damaged, what are some goals of treatment?
- dynamic stability - strong core, strengthening contractile tissues around injury
48
What are dermatomes?
- sensory areas of skin that are innervated by specific nerve roots
49
Sensations of dermatomes
- pain - tingling - numbness - pressure
50
Special tests for myotome testing
- cervical nerve root involvement - lumbosacral nerve root involvement
51
Cervical nerve root involvement test
- resisted tests are performed 5x bilaterally - look for weakening over the 5 reps
52
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C1?
- cervical flexion
53
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C2?
- cervical rotation
54
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C3?
- cervical side bending
55
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C4?
- shoulder elevation
56
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C5?
- shoulder abduction
57
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C6?
- elbow flexion
58
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C7?
- elbow extension
59
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C8?
- thumb extension
60
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root T1?
- hand intrinsics (spread fingers)
61
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root L1,L2?
- hip flexion
62
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root L3?
- knee extension
63
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root L4?
- foot dorsiflexion & inversion
64
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root L5?
- hallux extension
65
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root S1, S2?
- plantarflexion in sitting
66
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root S1?
- knee flexion
67
Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root S2?
- hallux flexion
68
Nerve root C5 test
- biceps reflex
69
Nerve root C6 test
- brachioradialis reflex
70
Nerve root C7 test
- triceps reflex
71
Nerve roots L4,L5 test
- patellar tendon reflex
72
Nerve root S1 test
- achilles tendon reflex
73
Muscle strains of the neck and back MOI
- overstretch or eccentric load (loading muscle while forward bending) - rotation at high velocity - may have external force
74
What sport are neck and back strains common?
- tennis - golf - baseball
75
Signs and symptoms of muscle strains of the neck and back
- abrupt pull - pain - protective spasm - divot
76
Acute management of muscle strains of the neck and back
- PIER (but never to anterior neck to major vessels) - altered activity
77
Rib and scapula fracture MOI
- direct blow - compression
78
Signs and symptoms of rib fracture
- pain with deep breath (shallow breathing) - pain with compression - TOP area of fracture
79
Signs and symptoms of scapula fracture
- TOP - pain with movement of shoulder
80
Acute management of scapula fracture
- stabilize the segments with padding and tensor - tube sling - send for imaging
81
Ideberg classification of scapular fractures
- type 1a - type 1b - type 2 - type 3 - type 4 - type 5a - type 5b - type 5c - type 6
82
What are the 4 spondy's of the spine?
1. Pars interarticularis 2. Spondylolysis 3. Spondylolisthesis 4. Spondylitis
83
Spondylolysis
- stress fracture in pars interarticularis
84
Spondylolisthesis
- stress fracture and sliding vertebra (dislocation)
85
Spondylitis
- inflammation in vertebra that could lead to fusion
86
Spinal fractures MOI
- axial load - compression through spine
87
Signs and symptoms of spinal fractures
- central pain - tingling - numbness - unwillingness to move - spasm
88
What is there a potential for with a spinal fracture?
- displacement of segments can put pressure on spinal cord or nerve roots resulting in paralysis
89
Paralysis of C-spine
- paraplegia
90
Paralysis of T-spine
- quadriplegia
91
Acute management of spinal fracture
- stabilize - call 911
92
How to break pain-spasm cycle
- find and treat the cause
93
Special test for rib compression
- positive test: pain at suspected fracture site - pain with inspiration or cough
94
Special test: Quadrant test of lumbar spine joint effusion vs ligament sprain
- athlete extend backwards, side bend & rotate in same direction - pain on same side = facet joint effusion - pain on opp side = facet sprain
95
Special test: stork stance
- athlete stand on one leg on side of pain & extend backward through lumbar spine - positive test = pain localized to affected segment
96
What might stork stance special test indicate?
- if positive test is coupled with history of repeat backbending may indicate spondylolysis or spondylolythesis

KNPE331 (12 decks)

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