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Exercise Physiology > Week 8 - Exercise and Immune System > Flashcards

Week 8 - Exercise and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the role of the immune system

A

Govern how the body defends against foreign pathogens including viruses, bactetia and fungi

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2
Q

What are the different ways microbes are shut down

A
  1. Trapped by skin cells and mucus
  2. Killed by antibodies in tears, saliva and mucus
  3. Removed from the body by shedding skin, coughing, vomiting, diarrhoea or flushing bodily fluids (urine/tears)
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3
Q

What are the 3 innate immune cells

A

Monocytes
Neutrophils
Natural killer cells

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4
Q

What are monocytes

A

3-9% of blood
A type of phagoycte (eating cell)
Leave the blood and form macrophages in tissues
Consume microbes and dead cells by phagocytosis

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5
Q

What are neutrophils

A

60% of blood
Most abundant immune cell in blood (45-75%)
A rapid responder to infection/stress that exits the blood to enter tissues
Engulf microbes (phagocytosis) and kill via the release of toxic molcules (respiratory burst)

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6
Q

What are natural killer cells

A

1-6% of blood
Destroy virus-infected cells and cancerous cells
Produce proteins, such as cytokines to kill infected transformed cells

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7
Q

Where are complement proteins made

A

They are made in the liver and circulate as inactive proteins in the blood >30 proteins

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8
Q

What is the role of complement proteins

A

They can bind to antibodies or patterns on microbes or dead cells. These form complexes that recruit phagocytes to the site via chemical gradients (complement cascade)

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9
Q

What is the role of cytokines

A

They can be released from innate immune cells to coordinate the immune response and signal to adaptive immune cells

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10
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells

A

They process parts of a foreign body and present the antigen to cells of the adaptive immune system (T and B cells) in lymph nodes

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11
Q

What are T cells (cell-mediated immunity)

A

They are a type of lymphocute developed in the thymus (20-40%)
T cells release cytokines that kill virus infected cells or tumours

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12
Q

What are B cells (humoral immunity)

A

A type of lymphocyte produced in the bone marrow (1-6%)
B cells differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies
Antibodies coat infected cell or bacteria or they trigger other immune cells to destroy the cell

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13
Q

What is special about T and B cells

A

T and B cell responses are specific and have property of memory. This means that when the body re-encounters the same antigen - T and B cells action an immune response based on memory

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14
Q

What are helper T cells

A

60-70% of T cells
Co-ordinate immune respinse by recruiting other T and B cells to the site of damage/infection
Regulatory t cells have a role in suppressing the activity of the immune system

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15
Q

What are cyotoxic T cells

A

30-40% of T cells
Highly efficient, specific killers
Recognise antigens on the surface of damaged and/or infected cells or tumours

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16
Q

What are the differnet ways to measure immune function

A

Self-reported illness
Cellular level
Release of molecules reflecting immune respons
In vivo immunity

17
Q

How do self-reported illness help measure immune function

A

Upper respiratory tract infections - number and severity

18
Q

How does a cellular level help measure immune function

A

Concentraion of immune cells
Activation/suppression markers on a specific cell type
Measure immune cell function

19
Q

How does the release of molecules reflecting immune response help measure immune function

A

Antibodies with anti-microbial properties
Enzymes with a role in phagocytosis

20
Q

How does in vivo immunity help measure immune function

A

Antibody responses to a vaccine
Wound healing and/or skin thickening to mild trauma

21
Q

How does exercise evoke immune responses

A

Moderate-intensity exercise increases the number of leukocytes in blood
This increase is greater in the minutes after intense exercise followed by a drop below rest in the later hours
This decrease is as a result of a dynamic and complex physiological response

22
Q

What are the mechanisms that drive immune cell mobilisation

A

Exercise increases shear stress, sympathetic drive/vasoconstriction and adrenaline concentrations that demarginate immune cells into peripheral blood
This response is not uniform, with effector immune cells being preferentially mobilised

23
Q

Whats the effect of cells mobilising into the blood during exercise

A

The cells mobilised into the blood during exercise have high function and tissue homing potential. These cells therefore have the highest capacity to leave the circulation

24
Q

Whats the effect of exercise induced muscle tissue injury

A

This injury elicits a strong innate immune response involving neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages

25
Q

What are the processes that proteins iniate, mediate and termiante muscle repair?

A
  1. Movement of immune cells into muscle (mitigation)
  2. Muscle fibre breakdown and regeneration
  3. Anti-microbial defence
26
Q

What are the acute improvements in immunity adaptations

A

Decreased:
Number of infections
Severity of infctions
Increased:
Antibody production
Response to vaccination
Wound healing
Surveillance of cancer cells

27
Q

What are the chronic improvements in Immunity Adaptations

A

Decreased weight loos (adipose tissue) thus decreased inflammation
Improved vasculature health and thus immune cell recirculation
Increased anti-inflammatory blood profile

28
Q

How does exercise effect the natural decline in immunity

A

Regular physical activity/ reduced sedentary
time can offset the natural decline in
immunity with age

29
Q

How can exercise effect people with immune illness

A

Regular exercise may also improve immunity
in people with autoimmune, cardiovascular,
neurological and metabolic illness

29
Q

Whats the effect of moderate amounts of exercise on immune function

A

moderate amounts of exercise
enhance immune function

30
Q

What does some research suggest about the effect of intense exercise on immune function

A

periods of intensified
training can impair immune function

Exercise Physiology (21 decks)

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