Week 8 (Infancy/Toddlerhood Socioemotional Development)

Question 1

5 Features of Emotions
(lewis et al., 1985)

Answer 1

1. Emotion elicitors/triggers
2. Physiological changes
3. Cognitive appraisal
4. Emotional expression
5. Communicative function

Question 2

Emotional Expression: Primary/Basic emotions (birth or 1st year)

Answer 2

happiness, fear, anger, sadness,
surprise, and disgust

Question 3

Emotional Expression: Secondary/complex emotions (2nd year)

Answer 3

Self-conscious emotions:
Embarrassment, pride, guilt, and shame

Question 4

Positive Emotions:
1. What is the first sign of happiness in infancy?

2. Smile differences throughout development

Answer 4

1. First clear sign of happiness: smiling

2.
- Newborns: brief and can occur during sleep

• 3-8-week: smile to external stimuli
• 6-week to 3-month: social smiles (directed to people)
• 4-month: smile in response to familiar others’ smiles
• 7-month: smiles more to familiar people
• 12-month: different smiles in different situations and to different people (open smile, laughs, reserve smiles)

Question 5

Negative Emotions:
1. What is the first sign of negative emotion in infancy?

2. Which Negative Emotions are common in Infancy?

Answer 5

1. Generalized distress (first sign)
2. • Anger: grow in intensity and frequency from 4-16 months
   • Fear: Evolutionary origins: adaptive

Question 6

Negative Emotions:
Why is fear in infancy a more ambiguous concept?

Answer 6

Attentional bias or physiological “fear”?

• Infants may be biased to attend to potentially threatening stimuli, without being afraid (ie: a baby may react more to a tiger than a toy, but does not necessarily mean baby is in “Fear”)

Question 7

1. What type of emotion involves a sense of self-awareness and
   based on others’ perceptions?
2. Examples of this type of emotion

Answer 7

1. Secondary or Complex / Self-conscious emotions (2nd year)
2. embarrassment, pride, guilt, and shame

Question 8

1. In Self-Conscious emotions, Embarrassment emerges only after a child _________________________

Answer 8

1. Can recognize self

- Mirror recognition test

Question 9

Discriminating Emotions: Emotional Content and Different Modalities

Answer 9

Matching Studies: whether infants
match emotional content across
different modalities
* 5-month: match the vocalization to
congruent facial expression (e.g., Smiling face
- happy voice; Upset face - sad voice)
* 1-yr: positive emotions to positive events
* 2-yr: negative emotions to negative events

(Unfinished / Can make into a better question)

Question 10

Emotional Understanding: Using Emotional Information

1. The use of social information (facial expression, voice) in ambiguous situations (ie; Treating objects based off others’ expressed emotion)
2. At what point in infancy does this begin?

Answer 10

1. Social referencing
   - (* Avoid – fear)
   - (* Approach - happy)
2. 12-months (but not 10-months old or under)?? (Double Check Slide)

Question 11

Three developmental patterns of emotional regulation

Answer 11

1. 1-yr: Caregiver- to self-regulation
2. Behavioral to cognitive strategies
3. Selection of appropriate strategies

Question 12

The monitoring, evaluating, and moderating
of emotional responses (Calkins & Hall, 2007)

Answer 12

Emotional Regulation

Question 13

The capacity to voluntarily regulate
attention and behaviors when responding to
emotionally challenging situations (Eisenberg,
Smith, Spinrad, 2019; Rothbart & Bates, 2006)

Answer 13

**Effortful Control ** (Part of Emotional Regulation)

Question 14

suppression of a dominant/preferred response in favor of an
acceptable response (Diamond, 1991; Eisenberg et
al., 2010)

Answer 14

Inhibitory control

Question 15

Effortful Control can be both _________ & ____________

Answer 15

Attentional or behavioral

Question 16

Parenting Context of Emotional Development:

Parents’ _________ relates to that of their children

Answer 16

emotional expressivity

Question 17

Parenting Context of Emotional Development:

Parents with _________ develop positive relationships with their children

Answer 17

strong distress tolerance

Question 18

Parenting Context of Emotional Development:

Parents’ with _________ negatively affect infants’ emotions

Answer 18

depression and anxiety

Question 19

Parenting Context of Emotional Development:

1.What is interactive synchrony?

2. If Parents’ sensitivity (mirroring behaviors) and interactive synchrony are engaging _______
3. Give one example of how negative interactive synchrony affects children

Answer 19

1. where an infant mirrors the actions of another person
2. benefits infancy development
3. Cell Phone Use: Parents that often use cell phones are not using facial expressions to syncronise with their child. This can lead to the child being more used to neutral face and can slow expression of emotions (VIDEO LEC PT 1)

Question 20

A person’s intensity of reactivity and regulation of emotions, activity, and attention (Rothbart, Derryberry, & Hershey, 2000)

Answer 20

Temperament

Question 21

Thomas & Chess (1977): New York Longitudinal study on Temperament findings

Answer 21

Easy (40% of Children):
-Positive, regular, adaptive

Difficult (10% of Children):
- Active, irregular, slow to adapt, React negatively (e.g., kicking or screaming)

Slow-to-warm-up (15% of Children):
- Moody, inactive, Slow to adapt and withdrawn (e.g., look away)

Question 22

Rothbart and Bates’s 3 components of Temperament

Answer 22

1. Negative Reactivity
2. Surgency
3. Orienting Regulation

Question 23

Rothbart and Bates’s 6 Temperament Dimensions

Answer 23

1. Activity
2. Positive Effect
3. Fear
4. Distress to limitations
5. Soothability
6. Attention

Question 24

A component of temperament that indexes infant fear, frustration, sadness, and low soothability

Answer 24

Negative Reactivity

Question 25

A component of temperament that measures an infant's activity level and intensity of pleasure

Answer 25

Surgency

Question 26

A component of temperament that refers to an infant's ability to regulate attention towards goals and away from distressing situations

Answer 26

Orienting Regulation

Question 27

What about Temperament Stability into adulthood?

Answer 27

Toddler temperament predicts adulthood traits (Robert and Bates 3 dimensions, negative reactivity/ surgency/ O regulation heavily correlated to = BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS in Adults

Question 28

The Big Five personality traits (Fiske)

Answer 28

1. Openness: Inventive and curious versus consistent and cautious 2. Conscientiousness: Efficient and organized versus extravagant and careless 3. Extraversion: Outgoing and energetic versus solitary and reserved 4. Agreeableness: Friendly and compassionate versus critical and judgmental 5. Neuroticism: Sensitive and nervous versus resilient and confident

Question 29

Compatibility between temperament and social environment (e.g., supportive – regulation; harsh –more negative reactivity) - This explains the context of temperament

Answer 29

Goodness-of-Fit Model (Thomas & Chess, 1986)

Question 30

1. an emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time 2. How do children show this in infancy

Answer 30

1. Attachment 2. ◦ Follow caregivers’ movements ◦ Cling to caregivers when distressed ◦ Seek proximity to caregivers

Question 31

Born to love. Attachment is inborn and adaptive (e.g., imprinting, Lorenz, 1937) for infants 2. What are its implications?

Answer 31

**Ethological approach** (Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment)  Increases chance of survival  Built-in appearance and behavioursto elicit attention, foster attachment and increase the chance of survival

Question 32

1. Harlow & Zimmerman’s “surrogate mother” study invovled which type of animal? 2. Q: What is the cause of attachment, feeding or contact comfort?

Answer 32

1. Monkeys ("Monkey Love Study") 2.  Infant monkeys preferred the cloth mother over the wire mother, regardless of who provided the milk ** Contact comfort is more powerful than food or feeding reinforcement!**

Question 33

1. What is "The Strange Situation" procedure and its goals? 2. Who disovered and tested this procedure?

Answer 33

1. -- Based on Bowlby’s theory -- 8 Episodes / Events -- Simulate caregiver-infant interactions in everyday life -- record Infant’s behaviour and determine attachment style 2. Mary Ainsworth (Ainsworth et al., 1978)

Question 34

The Eight Events of The Strange Situation

Answer 34

1. Introduction of the infant and caregiver to the unfamiliar room 2. Infant and caregiver are left alone in the room 3. Stranger enters the room 4. Caregiver leaves the infant with stranger 5. Caregiver re-enters the room and stranger departs 6. Caregiver leaves infant alone in the room 7. Stranger enters the room 8. Caregiver enters the room

Question 35

The Stange Situation / Mary Ainsworths' **Infant Attachment Styles**

Answer 35

Non-clinical, middle-class American infants: ◦ Secure (~62% to 68%) ◦ Insecure Avoidant (~15%) ◦ Insecure Resistant (~9%) ◦ Disorganized/Disoriented (~15%) (Main & Solomon, 1986)

Question 36

1. Feelings of concern for others and attempts to help individuals in need. 2. What is the natural tendency for this in infants, and at what age?

Answer 36

1.Moral Goodness 2. A natural tendency to prosocial behaviors: Higher helping under lower encouragement in toddlers - 18-month vs. 30-month: Instrumental > emotion-based > altruistic (Svetlova et al., 2010)

Question 37

Moral Understanding and Evaluation in Infants

Answer 37

Identifying and liking individuals who are cooperative, empathetic, or helpful, and disliking those who are uncooperative, unempathetic, or unhelpful ▪ 4-5-month: 75-100% preferred helpers over hinders ▪ 6-10-month: reliably preferred helpers over hinders

Question 38

1. The tendency to punish those who misbehave 2. Ages of devleopment and changes in infancy

Answer 38

1. Moral Retribution 2. - 8-month: prefer punishment toward antisocial persons - 19-23-Months: increasing behaviors of moral retribution (e.g., give treats to the prosocial puppet, but take treats away from the antisocial puppet)

Question 39

Agression Timeline in Infancy

Answer 39

 18-month: Behavior/physical aggression ◦ Hitting, pushing, kicking, biting  3-year: Relational aggression, a non- physical aggression by hurting someone’s relationships or social status ◦ Threatening to withdraw or withdraw a friendship ◦ Ignoring or excluding a peer