Week2 PT 1 & 2 Flashcards
guided by a clear hypothesis (what an idea about
they expect to find) and test whether the
hypothesis will be supported by data
Hypothesis-driven research
data-driven explorative approach, without pre-
assumptions about what might be
found
Discovery-based science
The Scientific Method is an example of what approach to research / science
Hypothesis-driven research
Question: “Screen time damage
teenagers’ intelligence?”
* Hypothesis: “more screen time,
lower intelligence”
* Study: manipulate screen time and
measure IQ
* Data analysis: more time < less time
in IQ
Piaget’s constructivist theory of
development
&
– Bowlby’s theory of attachment
are examples of what approaches to research / science
Discovery-based Research
Discovering and understanding
principles of children’s learning
and development (what children
do and what development looks
like) without presuppositions
Discovery-based Research
who participates in a study
Sample
results from a
sample extended to a population
– Samples size (larger, higher
generalizability)
– Sample demographics (representative?)
– Convenience sampling (may bias
findings if the sample lacks
representativeness)
Generalizability
Data collection based on
– Interviews (structured vs. clinical)
– Questionnaires/Surveys
Self-report Methodologies
Data collection based on
– Naturalistic (e.g., home, school)
– Structured Observations (e.g., lab)
Observation
Data collection based on
- brain activation, heart rate, blood pressure. Eye
movements, hormones
Physiological Assessments
Study Design that are Correlational, ______ behaviour.
While study designs that are experimental, ________ behaviour
Predict
Explain
relationship
between two or
more variables?
- Direction
- Strength
Correlational
design
Problems with Correlational Design
- Direction-of-causation problem
- Third-variable problem
Three variables:
– Independent variable (IV): different
treatment conditions (e.g., violent vs.
non-violent video game)
– Dependent variable (DV): what is
measured (e.g., aggression）
– Confounding variables (CVs): Other
relevant variables (e.g., sex, age, past
experience, parenting)
Experimental design
Two techniques of experimental design
Experimental control
Random Assignment
Experimental Design where
randomly assign
children to the experimental and control
groups.
Random Assignment
Experimental Design where
manipulate or
control specific experiences
encountered by children
Experimental control
Quasi-experimental
Designs
- Cross-sectional design
- Longitudinal design
- Microgenetic design
Age groups: age-related
differences
- Single-age group
differences in a key
variable
This example is a method of Quasi-experimental research known as ______________
Cross-sectional design (across age groups or across groups)
differential rates of attrition between treatment and control groups can skew results
_______ happens when participants with similar characteristics drop out of a study, reducing their representation in the research.
- threat to internal validity
Attrition effect
a variable that
explains the association
between the IV and DV
Mediator
Following two or more age cohorts (i.e., age groups) over time,
A mixture of cross-sectional and longitudinal
Cohort-Sequential
“WEIRD” Sample
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
Frequent, closely spaced
observations of
children to track
processes that
produce the
developmental
changes
A series of overlapping
waves
Microgenetic Studies
