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D1 Spring - Histopathology > Week 8 - Oral Mucous Membranes > Flashcards

Week 8 - Oral Mucous Membranes Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

What are the main functions of mucous membranes?

A
  1. Absorption (saliva mixing with food allows for absorption through the membrane)
  2. Excretion (two way passage of materials)
  3. Protection
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2
Q

What kind of mucosa is masticatory?

A

keratinized (contains keratin, a protein that adds toughness)

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3
Q

Where is masticatory mucosa located?

A
  • gingiva
  • hard palate
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4
Q

What kind of mucosa is lining mucosa?

A

non-keratinized, thinner

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5
Q

Where is lining mucosa located?

A

o Alveolar mucosa
o Buccal mucosa
o Floor of the mouth
o Ventral surface of the tongue (underneath)
o Soft palate

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6
Q

What kind of mucosa is specialized mucosa?

A

Contains taste buds

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7
Q

Where is specialized mucosa found?

A
  • Dorsal surface of the tongue (top)
  • Little down the pharynx
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8
Q

Describe the lining mucosa when looking at a mouth

A

above MGJ, thinner and non-keratinized

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9
Q

Describe the mucogingival junction when looking at a mouth

A

separates attached and unattached gingiva

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10
Q

Describe the masticatory mucosa when looking at a mouth

A

below MGJ, tougher, denser, and keratinized

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11
Q

What is the microscopic organization of mucous membranes?

A

mucus membranes can have submucosa or no submucosa

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12
Q

Where is the submucosa found?

A

found in mucosa areas where you need salivary glands or fat layers

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13
Q

What is seen when there is no submucosa?

A

Mucoperiosteum instead

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14
Q

What is a mucoperiosteum?

A

A periosteum with a mucosal surface with the periosteum of bone to form an apparent single layer (very close/direct transition between bone and epithelium)

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15
Q

Describe the submucosa of the hard palate

A
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16
Q

What are the epithelial layers from superficial to deep?

A
  1. Stratum corneum/keratin layer
  2. Stratum granulosum/granular cell layer
  3. Stratum spinosum/spinous cell layer
  4. Stratum basale/stratum germinative/basal cell layer
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17
Q

Describe the stratum corneum

A

Cells are completely flat with no organelles. They are sacs of keratin proteinaceous mixture. High turnover rate, tend to exfoliate very easily

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18
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum

A

Flattened layer containing dense, dark granules. Reduced but present organelles

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19
Q

Where are keratohyalin granules found?

A

Stratum granulosom

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20
Q

What are keratohyalin granules?

A

Precursors to keratin

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21
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum

A

Characterized by round/ovoid cells
Point of which desmosomes (intercellular attachments) start to form

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22
Q

Describe the stratum basale

A

Single celled (cuboidal, progenitor cells) layer near the bottom
These cells replicate and make cells for all of the other cell layers

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23
Q

Describe the interconnection of epithelium

A
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24
Q

Where does epithelium rest on?

A

Basement membrane (separates epithelium from connective tissue)

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25
What kind of intercellular attachments do epithelium exhibit?
One or more specialized intercellular attachments i.e., desmosomes, tonofilaments
26
Is epithelium vascular or avascular?
Avascular (receives all nutrients through diffusion from dermal connective tissue layer just below the skin)
27
How are cells arranged in epithelium?
Cells are packed together -> Exhibits a high degree of cellularity and relatively low volume of extracellular matrix
28
What does it mean that epithelium cells exhibit polarity?
- Cells exhibit apical, basal, and lateral borders - Polarity is expressed in the distribution of cytoplasmic organelles
29
What are variations of stratum corneum determined by?
way the nuclei are organized or the way keratin is formed to determine the type of keratinization present
30
What is orthokeratosis?
Refers to normal keratin formation with clinically normal presentation
31
What is parakeratosis?
Presence/retention of pyknotic nuclei (nucelli with densely stained chromatin) in the stratum corneum
32
What is hyperkaratosis?
Abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum. May exhibit aberrant patterns of keratinization
33
What is dyskeratosis?
Abnormal keratinization below the level of stratum corneum (i.e. keratinization within the stratum granulosum and/or stratum spinosum)
34
What is gingival dyskeratosis characterized by?
by keratin pearls (areas of abnormal keratinization well below stratum corneum)
35
What are keratin pearls?
These are pathognomonic (something seen histologically that can only lead to one condition) for squamous cell carcinoma
36
What is acanthosis?
hyperplasia of the epithelial layer (increase in the number of cells)
37
Where is acanthosis seen in?
Palms of hands and feet (normal)
38
What is this?
acanthosis and parakeratosis
39
What is acantholysis?
Loss of intercellular attachments (desmosomes) between epithelial cells (keratinocytes)
40
What is metaplasia?
A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another (i.e. transition of columnar to squamous epithelium in the respiratory tract as a response to smoking)
41
What is dysplasia?
Refers to a disorderly but non-neoplastic growth of tissue including the epithelial layer
42
What is dysplasia characterized by?
pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, and loss of normal special orientation
43
What can dysplasia be a sign of?
Precancerous condition - it itself is not cancer. It shows changes in density, darkness, so therefore something is wrong
44
What is this?
Hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis White: intraorally when keratin gets wet it turn white
45
What is leukoplakia?
Thickened epithelial layer
46
What is inflammatory periodontal disease?
- Calculus and susceptibility of hosts causes attachment loss - Results in apical migration of junctional epithelium
47
What is this?
Inflammatory periodontal disease
48
Where are melanocytes located?
In basal cell layer
49
Describe a melanocyte
Dendritic morphology (contains long processes)
50
What is the function of a melanocyte?
Synthesis of melanin pigment granules (melanosomes)
51
Where are langerhans cells located?
In stratum spinosum
52
Describe langerhans cells
Dendritic morphology Characteristic Langerhans granules (looks like tennis racquet)
53
What are the function of langerhans cells?
antigen trap in epithelium and transfers antigen information to CD4 lymphocytes. “Sits there and waits for a foreign body to come along to calls CD4 cells to do their thing"
54
Where are merkel cells located?
In the basal cell layer
55
Describe a merkel cell
- Rounded morphology - Contain characteristic “dense core” granules
56
What are the functions of merkel cells?
unknown, but something to do with tactile sensation of skin
57
Where are lymphocytes located?
basal and spinous cell layers
58
Describe a lymphocyte
Rounded morphology
58
What are the functions of lymphocytes?
associated with immune and inflammatory responses - immune surveillance and antigen message processing - inflammation: both humoral (antibody-antigen reaction) and cellular response (help clean things up)
59
What is the basement membrane?
what separates the epithelium from the underlying submucosa or connective tissue
59
What is the organization of the basement membrane?
consists of basal lamina (made up of lamina lucida and densa) and lamina reticularis (connective tissue)
60
What is the function of the basal lamina?
(has multiple layers of collagen that helps adhere connective tissue to epidermal layer - Also has hemidesmosomes locking/connecting it to the basement membrane)
61
What are components of the lamina lucida?
**- Contains bullous pemphigoid antigen (condition) and type VII collagen (anchoring fibrils)** - Also contains Kalinin, K-laminin, entactin, epiligrin, BMG-1 and classic laminin)
62
What are components of the lamina densa?
**- Contains type IV collagen and type VII collagen** - Also contains **fibronectin (helps with polarization and connecting and lining cells up)**, integrins (adhesion), BMG-1, and classic laminin
63
What are components of the lamina reticularis?
- Contains reticulin connective tissue - Also contains type I and type II collagen and elastic (for strength)
64
What makes up the cytoplasm of the cel?
Intermediate filaments or tonofilaments (keratin 5 and 14) Actin Myosin Talin Vinculin
65
What are components of the hemidesmosome?
Bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 and 2 (BPAG1/BPAG2) Cadherins Syndecans Integrin alpha6 and beta4
66
What are cellular attachments?
Desmosome Hemidesmosome Intermediate junction Tight junction gap junction
67
What do all 5 cellular attachments do together during trauma?
with trauma, all 5 work together to dissipate forces and help to absorb trauma and keep things from falling apart
68
What happens with loss of cellular attachments?
Common in response to inflammation
69
What is a desmosome?
circular areas of attachment between cells
70
What do desmosomes have that hook two cells together?
Tonofilaments
71
What are protein components that help with adhesion?
E-cadherin (desmoglein) and P-cadherin (desmocolin), plakoglobin, periplakin, evoplakin, desmoplakin I and II
72
Where are cadherins located? and what are their functions?
located in between. Is a sticky protein that functions in allowing for communication to occur between cells
73
What are the function of hemidesmosomes?
Semi-circular areas that contain tonofilaments that attach cell down to basement membrane
74
Where are hemidesmosomes found?
Along basement membrane
75
What are tight junctinos?
area of two cells pressed together so tightly that there is a seal
76
What are gap junctions?
small spaces in between the cells that allow for electrical communication
77
What is the function of fibroblasts?
Secrete collagen and elastin
78
What are the function of histiocytes?
Resident precursors of functional macrophages
79
What are the functions of monocytes?
Blood-borne precursor of functional macrophage
80
How are macrophages created?
Monocyte -> Histiocyte -> macrophage
81
What are the functions of macrophages?
Phagocytic cell capable of antigen processing
82
What are the functions of mast cells?
Secretes inflammatory mediators (i.e. histamine, heparin)
83
What are the functions of plasma cells?
Synthesis of immunoglobulins (antibodies)
84
What are the functions of endothelial cells?
Lining of blood and lymphatic vessels
85
What are transient cells within the lamina propria?
Neutrophills and lymphocytes
86
What are the functions of neutrophils?
Phagocytic cell capable of neutralizing antigens and killing bacteria
87
What are the functions of lymphocytes?
Humoral and cell-mediated immune response

D1 Spring - Histopathology (14 decks)

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