Week 8 Personality Flashcards
Personality, temperament, Cattell's trait theory, self-efficacy
1
Q
What is personality
A
Refers to the longstanding traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave and specific ways
2
Q
What makes personality unique to an individual
A
Each person has an idealsyncratic pattern of enduring, long-term characteristics, and a manner in which he or she interacts with other individuals and the world around them. Our personality is long-term, stable, and not easily changed.
3
Q
Persona
A
Latin word. In the ancient world, persona was a mask worn by an actor. The theatrical mask was originally used to either represent or project specific personality traits of a character.
4
Q
How did the Greek physician and philosopher Galen build on Hippocrates theory
A
By suggesting that both diseases and personality difference could be explained by imbalances in the humors and that each person exhibits one of the four temperaments.
5
Q
What are the four temperaments
A
Choleric temperament, melancholic temperament, sanguine temperament, phlegmatic temperament
6
Q
Describe a choleric person
A
They’re passionate, ambitious, and bold
7
Q
Describe a melancholic person
A
They are reserved, anxious, and unhappy
8
Q
Describe a sanguine person
A
They are joyful, eager, and optimistic
9
Q
Describe a phlegmatic person
A
They are calm, reliable, and thoughtful
10
Q
What are traits
A
Characteristic ways of behaving
11
Q
What change did Raymond Carttell make to Gordon Allport’s list of personality traits
A
He narrowed down the list to about 171 traits and identified 16 factors or dimensions of personality. He developed personality assessment based on the 16 factors and called it the 16PF.
12
Q
How is each dimension scored on the 16PF personality assessment
A
Each dimension is scored over a continuum, from high to low.
13
Q
What are the 16 factors or dimensions of personality
A
Warmth, intellect, emotional stability, aggressiveness, liveliness, dutifulness, social assertiveness, sensitivity, paranoia, abstractness, introversion, anxiety, open-mindedness, Independence, perfectionism, tension.
14
Q
What would a low and high score for warmth indicate
A
Low score: reserved, detached
High score: outgoing, supportive
15
Q
What would a low score and high score for intellect indicate
A
Low score: concrete thinker
High score: analytical
16
Q
What would a low score and high score for emotional stability indicate
A
Low score: moody, irritable
High score: stable, calm
17
Q
What would a low score and high score for aggressiveness indicate
A
Low score: docile, submissive
High score: controlling, dominant
18
Q
What would a low score and high score for liveliness indicate
A
Low score: somber, prudent
High score: adventurous, spontaneous
19
Q
What would a low and high score for dutifulness indicate
A
Low score: unreliable
High score: conscientious
20
Q
What would a low score and high score for social assertiveness indicate
A
Low score: shy, restrained
High score: uninhibited, bold
21
Q
What would a low and high score for sensitivity indicate
A
Low score: tough-minded
High score: sensitive, caring
22
Q
What would a low and high score for paranoia indicate
A
Low score: trusting
High score: suspicious
23
Q
What would a high and low score for abstractness indicate
A
Low score: conventional
High score: imaginative
24
Q
What would a low score and high score indicate for introversion
A
Low score: open, straightforward
High score: private, shrewd
25
What would a low score and a high score for anxiety indicate
Low score: confident
| High score: apprehensive
26
What would a low score and a high score indicate for open-mindedness
Low score: close-minded, traditional
| High score: curious, experimental
27
What would a low score and high score indicate for Independence
High score: self-sufficient
| Low score: outgoing, social
28
What would a high score and low score for perfectionism indicate
Low score: disorganized, casual
| High score: organized, precise
29
What would a low score and high score indicate for tension
Low score: relaxed
| High score: stressed
30
Temperament
The inborn, genetically based and core personality traits, evident at birth and related to what people will be like as adults.
31
What is the five Factor model
It consists of five factors referred to as the Big Five personality traits. They include openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN).
32
The five Factor model occurs along a
Spectrum
33
What is openness characterized by
Imagination, feelings, actions, and ideas
34
People who score high on openness tend to be
Curious and have a wide range of interests
35
People who score low on openness tend to
Be practical, conventional, and prefer routines
36
Consciousness is characterized by
Competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, and achievement striving (goal directed behavior)
37
People who score high on conscientiousness tend to be
Hard-working, dependable, organized
38
People who score low on conscientiousness tend to be
Impulsive, careless, disorganized
39
Extroversion is characterized by
Sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression
40
People who score high on extroversion tend to be
Outgoing, warm, seeks adventure
41
People who score low on extroversion tend to be
Quiet, reserved, withdrawn
42
Agreeableness is characterized by
Cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured
43
People who tend to score high on agreeableness are
Helpful, trusting, empathetic
44
People who tend to score low on agreeableness are
Critical, uncooperative, suspicious
45
Neurotism is characterized by
Tendency toward unstable emotions
46
People who score high on neuroticism tend to be
Anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotions
47
People who score low on neuroticism tend to be
Calm, even tempered, secure
48
What correlation has been found between consciousness and academic success
A positive correlation
49
What are people who are high on both extroversion and openness more likely to participate in
Adventure and risky sports due to their curious and excitement seeking nature
50
What did one study report about men who scored low on agreeableness
Well they tended to be rude and uncooperative they also earned more money than men who were considered more agreeable
51
What kind of range is represented between the Big five personality factors
A range of two extremes
52
Are the big five trades relatively stable over our lifespan
Yes, although they do have it some tendency to increase or decrease slightly
53
When does agreeableness peak
Between 50 to 70 years of age
54
When does conscientiousness increase
Through young adulthood into middle age, as we become better able to manage our personal relationships and careers
55
What happens to neuroticism and extroversion as we age
It declines slightly
56
What components do the big five traits have
Substantial biological and genetic components
57
What shapes personality
Genetic and environmental factors
58
What is one of the most important environmental factors that shape your personality
Culture
59
Culture
Refers to all of the beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society.
60
How is culture transmitted to people
Through language, and the modeling of culturally acceptable and non-acceptable behaviors that are either rewarded or punished
61
Our personality traits the same across cultures
There are both universal and culture specific aspects that account for variation in people's personalities
62
Asian cultures tend to be
Less extroverted due to their collectivism
63
Central and South American cultures tend to score higher on
Openness to experience
64
Europeans score higher on
Neurotism
65
What are the three distinct regional personality clusters in the United States
1. Cluster 1 consist of the upper Midwest and deep south
2. Cluster 2 includes the West
3. Cluster 3 includes the Northeast
66
What type of personality does Cluster 1 have
It is dominated by people who fall into the friendly and conventional personality
67
What type of personality is dominated by Cluster 2
People are more relaxed, emotionally stable, calm, and creative
68
What type of Personality dominates Cluster 3
People are more stressed, irritable, and depressed
69
What's one explanation for the regional differences in personality traits
Selective migration, a concept in which people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs
70
People who live in clusters 2 and 3 are generally more
Open
71
What do individualist cultures tend to believe
That independence, competition, and personal achievement are important
72
Individualist nations
Western Nations such as the United states, england, and Australia
73
What do collectivist cultures value
Social harmony, respectfulness, and group needs over individual needs
74
Collectivist countries
Asia, Africa, and South America
75
What are some examples of temperament in infants at birth
1. Infant activity level such as how much a baby moves his or her body
2. Suitability such as whether it is easy or difficult to sooth the baby
3. Sensory threshold such as how much of a sound, touch, or other sensory input is needed before a child responds
76
Are the theories of temperament supported in research
The research is mixed, some studies supported what others do not
77
What did a recent study on infant activity level predict about the degree to which a person is extroverted in adulthood
Those infants who are more active or more likely to be higher in extraversion in adulthood, well inventor less active or more likely to be lower in extraversion in adulthood
78
How was behavioral inhibition measured in infants
It was measured at 14 months of age by observing things like how long the toddler waits before engaging with a new toy, how far away they drift from their mother, how long they wait to approach strangers
79
What do the measurements mean for behavioral inhibition and infants
Those who wait longer tend to be higher in behavioral inhibition than those who don't wait
80
So what did the results show once those infants were of adult age as far as behavioral inhibition
Those higher in behavioral inhibition were more likely to be reserved, have fewer romantic relationships and the past 10 years, and have lower social functioning age 26 compared to those lower and behavioral inhibition.
81
Those infants high in behavioral inhibition tend to be more
Cautious, fearful, and avoidant
82
Will personality traits evident in early life not change into adulthood
This is untrue because the environment continues to affect personality in the course of our life
83
Self-efficacy
This is influenced by our thoughts, emotions, actions, and motivation. It plays a crucial role in shaping our perception of Life experiences. It is the belief that we have in our abilities to produce designated levels of performance that influence events that affect our lives.
84
What did Albert Bandura believe is an essential component of our personalities
Self-efficacy
85
What does a high score for self-efficacy mean
That you believe that you are able to muster your motivation, intelligence, and behavioral control in order to meet the demands of situations
86
What is a low score for self-efficacy mean
That you are not sure you are able to muster the motivation, intelligence, and behavioral control to meet the demands of situations
87
When does our sense of self-efficacy begin
An infancy and continues throughout our lives
88
What for salient sources did Bandura recognize a sources of self-efficacy
Mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, modeling experiences and emotional and physical experiences.
89
Mastery experiences
Past success and failure impacts sense of self
90
How does success vs. failure impact our self-efficacy
Succeeding in a task boosts confidence and increases the likelihood of achieving similar tasks. Failure breaks are confidence and leaves us in self-doubt.
91
Vicarious experiences
Watching similar people succeed or hearing their success stories motivates us to believe that we can too. Watching the failure of relatable figures leaves us wondering if we will fail to.
92
Modeling experiences
Observational learning; by watching our role models either succeed or fail influence or core beliefs. They're achievements indirectly teaching persuade us to repeat the same and their failures lower our self-efficacy.
93
Emotional and physical experiences
Our present state, or perceptions of current physical and mental health conditions develop self-efficacy. Stress and illness can lower our confidence and optimism, whereas happiness can make us feel good about ourselves.
94
Someone with low efficacy
They can feel disappointed with lack of self-fulfillment. They are unlikely to pursue what matters to them for fear that they are not capable of achieving it.
95
What are common features in someone with low self-efficacy
Avoid challenges for fear of failure, feel incapable of performing complicated tasks, focus on failures, less confident, lack of commitment, hard time recovering from setbacks, quickly lose interest, expect immediate results with little effort, highly susceptible to depression and anxiety, focus more on weaknesses
96
What are the study of maternal self-efficacy and its influence on the incidence of learned helplessness reveal
That new mothers who had a high illusion of control over responding to the crying of audio taped babies were more susceptible to helplessness
97
In regard to self-efficacy and child rearing, what did the study indicate that a high illusion of power is a dominant indicator for
Low self-efficacy and is not a proper behavior to be shown to kids
98
What did the research on low self-efficacy and pain Management show
Patients who had a low score on self-efficacy showed fewer improvements during the program and those that had scored high showed significant pain reduction and were more proactive and ready to take actions to get better.
99
What are ways you can increase self-efficacy
1. Stay in the stretch zone
2. Set simple goals
3. Look at the big picture
4. Learn to be resilient
5. Practice the three things exercise
6. Positive self talk
7. Remember past achievements
8. Complete the self-efficacy worksheet
100
What is the take-home message on self-efficacy
We need to trust in ourselves and our abilities. And by increasing our self-efficacy we can help sustain motivation and be more resilient to stress and adversity. This will allow us to gain confidence and strive for what we want.
101
What is meant by stay in the stretch zone
In the stretch zone things may be awkward and unfamiliar, but learning can occur because we are not overwhelmed with panic. We can take reasonable chances here and extend our effort and as a result may experience success. If we fail we learn from it and persist in our goals.
102
What are the three personal zones of achievement when setting goals
1. The comfort zone
2. The stretch zone
3. The panic zone
103
Comfort zone
Here a person feels comfortable. There is no fear or discomfort, the person feels safe, and all things are familiar. There are no challenges, little reflection, and things stay the same.
104
Panic zone
A goal is so challenging that it becomes overwhelming and learning is impossible. All of our energy is spent managing and controlling fear and panic.
105
How does low self-efficacy affect setting simple goals
It makes us either doubt or abilities or perceive the task to be more difficult than they are. As a result we don't put enough effort, blame ourselves for underachievements, and lower trust in ourselves
106
When it comes to goals what can we do to help build our self-efficacy
We can break goals into smaller sub goals and work on achieving them one at a time. We celebrate our small successes and adjuster efforts when failure occurs.
107
How can we learn to be resilient
Having a resilient perspective involves refraining from the urges to attribute failures to personal shortcomings, not expecting results without effort, and remembering your strengths and using them to improve
108
What is the three things exercise
It is a self-help measure that allows us to keep track of our daily activities and how they make us feel.
109
How do you approach positive self talk
Set aside a couple of minutes every day to face yourself and talk to yourself. Do things like shower yourself with compliments, motivate yourself to keep trying hard or ask yourself what is making you happy or sad.
110
How does remembering past achievements improve our self-efficacy
By recalling our achievements and past successes you will ignite self-confidence and make you feel like you are possible of accomplishing it again
111
What is the self-efficacy worksheet by Alexandra franzen
It is a fun and colorful exercise called the I Am Worksheet in an excellent self-assessment for improving self-efficacy
