Week 7, Interpersonal Topics Related To Social Psych Flashcards
Social psychology, external influences, prejudice, discrimination, racism, abnormal behavior
1
Q
Social psychology
A
The study of how people’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are influenced by other people.It examines how people affect one another and it looks at the power of the situation.
2
Q
What do social psychologists believe influence individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
A
They are very much influenced by social situations
3
Q
What are the intrapersonal topics related to social psychology
A
Emotions, attitudes, the self, and social cognition
4
Q
What are the interpersonal topics related to social psychology
A
Those that pretain to dyads and groups including helping behavior, aggression, prejudice & discrimination, attraction and close relationships and group processes and intergroup relationships
5
Q
Behavior is a product of both
A
The situation: Cultural influences, social rules, and the presence of bystanders
The person: Personality characteristics
6
Q
Situationism
A
The view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings
7
Q
Dispositionism
A
Holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors
8
Q
Internal factor
A
An attribute of a person and includes personality traits and temperament
9
Q
What are the 2 different types of internal influences
A
- Biological effects
2. Psychological effects
10
Q
Biological effects
A
Things that influence behavior such as the brain or areas of the brain such as chemicals or the hypothalamus
11
Q
Psychological effects
A
Effects on behavior that stem from your mind such as personality traits like shyness, optimism, or pessimism
12
Q
What type of experiments did Solomon Asch conduct in the 1950s
A
Experiments to determine how people are affected by the thoughts and behaviors of other people
13
Q
What is a confederate
A
A person who is aware of the experiment and works with the researcher
14
Q
What are confederates used for in experiments
A
- They are used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design
- They make true participants believe that they are uninformed participants in the experiment
15
Q
What were the results of the Asch line experiments
A
76% of participants conformed to group pressure at least once by indicating the incorrect line. But they privately did not accept that the obvious wrong answers were correct.
16
Q
Conformity
A
The change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group
17
Q
Asch effect
A
The influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgment
18
Q
What are key influences on conformity
A
The size of the majority, the the presence of another dissenter, the public or relatively private nature of responses
19
Q
In the Asch effect is there an upper limit, a point where adding more members does not increase conformity?
A
At numbers beyond 7, conformity leveled off and decreased slightly
20
Q
How does the presence of at least one dissenter influence conformity
A
If there is at least one, the conformity rate drops to near zero
21
Q
How does public or private nature of the responses effect conformity
A
When responses are made publicly, conformity is more likely, however, when responses are made privately conformity is less likely
22
Q
Compliance
A
Going along with a request or demand even if you do not agree with a request. It can be a form of conformity.
23
Q
In voting what is an example of compliance
A
When someone’s vote changes if it is made in public versus private
24
Q
What are the two types of motivations to conform
A
- Normative social influence
2. Informational social influence
25
Normative social influence
People conform to the group Norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group
26
Information on social influence
People conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous
27
What type of social influence was operating in the Asch conformity studies
Since the line judgment task was ambiguous, participants did not need to rely on the group for information. Instead, participants complied to fit and avoid ridicule, and instance of normative social influence.
28
What factors determine How likely it is that someone will demonstrate conformity
Participants age, gender, and socio-cultural background
29
Prejudice
A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one's membership in a particular social group.
30
What experimental practice helped participants have an increased positive attitude toward another cultural group and an increase in positive traits associated with that group
When participants were asked to imagine themselves positively interacting with someone from a different group
31
Stereotype
A specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics
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Discrimination
Negative action toward an individual as a result of one's membership in a particular group. When people act on their prejudiced attitudes toward a group of people.
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Another phrase for stereotypes
Negative beliefs toward a particular group
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Another phrase for prejudice
Negative attitudes toward a particular group
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What is the function and connection of a stereotype
Function: cognitive; thoughts about people
Connection: over generalized beliefs about people may lead to prejudice
36
What is the function and connection of prejudice
Function: Affective: feelings about people, both positive and negative
Connection: feelings may influence treatment of others, leading to discrimination
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What is the function and connection of discrimination
Function: behavior; positive or negative treatment of others
Connection: holding stereotypes and harboring prejudice may lead to excluding, avoiding, and bias treatment of group members
38
Give an example of a stereotype towards Yankees
Yankees fans are arrogant and obnoxious
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Give an example of prejudice towards Yankees
I hate Yankee fans, they make me angry
40
Give an example of discrimination towards Yankees
I would never hire nor become friends with the person if I knew he or she were a Yankees fan
41
How is it that someone can show prejudice and discrimination in a positive way
They could show preferential treatment for people who are like themselves that is, who share the same gender, race, or favorite sports team
42
What are three pieces of information we automatically process when we meet a stranger
Their race, gender, and age
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That information that we initially process when meeting a stranger, what is it usually based on
Stereotypes
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Racism
Prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on one's membership in a specific racial group
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What is the dual attitude model
Humans have two forms of attitudes:
| Explicit attitudes and implicit attitudes
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Explicit attitude
Attitudes which are conscious and controllable
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Implicit attitudes
Attitudes which are unconscious and uncontrollable
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How does racial bias or other prejudices affect a person's need to be viewed socially desirable and hold egalitarian views
Most people do not show extreme racial bias or other prejudice on measures of their explicit attitudes. However, measures of implicit attitudes often show evidence of mild to strong racial bias or other prejudices
49
Sexism
Prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex
50
Which group shows more sexism
Men usually hold more biases against women but either sex can show sex of them toward their own or their opposite sex
51
What are common forms of sexism in modern society
- Gender role expectations, such as expecting women to be the caters of the household.
- Expectations for how members of a gender group should behave such as women being passive in nurturing and men being assertive and neglectful
52
On a societal level where is sexism seen
Hiring, employment opportunities, education. Women are less likely to be hired or promoted and male-dominated professions. When female applicants self-promote they are viewed as competent but disliked due to the violation of gender expectations for modesty.
53
Ageism
Prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age
54
Typically ageism effects
Older adults but ageism can also occur towards young adults
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What is a common attitude about ageism and older adults
That they are incompetent, physically weak, and slow, and some are considered less attractive
56
How does the US versus other cultures like Asian, Latino, and African-American cultures view older adults
They afford older adults respect and honor
57
Homophobia
Prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation
58
What did the research into homophobia result
Homophobic men showed sexual arousal to a homosexual male video. These men indicated that they were not sexually aroused despite their erections. These findings suggested that the homophobic individuals either deny or are unaware of their homosexuality.
59
Why is it that prejudice and discrimination persist in society
1. Children learn prejudiced attitudes and beliefs from society such as their parents, teachers, friends, the media, and other sources of socialization.
2. If these things are acceptable in society, there may be normative pressures to conform and share those prejudiced beliefs and attitudes.
60
Self-fulfilling prophecy
An expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true
61
How do our stereotypes affect how we treat people
When we hold the stereotype about a person we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype and we tend to treat that person according to our expectations.
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How do our stereotypes towards people influence them
Self-fulfilling prophecy:
This treatment can influence a person to act according to our stereotypic expectations thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs.
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What is confirmation bias
When interacting with the target of our prejudice, we tend to pay attention to information that is consistent with our stereotypic expectations and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations.
64
When do social class stereotypes tend to arise compared to when they do not
They tend to arise when information about the individual is ambiguous compared to when the information is unambiguous, stereotypes do not tend to arise
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In group
A group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to
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Out group
A group that we view as fundamentally different from us
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What group is a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem
An in-group such as a gender, race, age, or social economic group that we belong to
68
What differences do people often view as fundamentally different in regard to gender groups
Personality traits, characteristics, social roles, and interests
69
Why is it that we develop an in group bias
Because we often feel a strong sense of belonging and emotional connection to our in groups
70
What is an in-group bias
A preference for our own group over other groups which can result in prejudice and discrimination because the out group is perceived as different and is less preferred than our in group
71
As a function of prejudice to help build and maintain a positive self-concept, how do in groups resolve threats individually or at an ingroup level
By blaming an out-group for a problem; scapegoating
72
What is scapegoating
The act of blaming and out group when the in group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal
73
Prosocial behavior
Voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people
74
Altruism
People's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping
75
What is an example of altruism
A co-worker helping someone to safety from a fire and then going back in the burning building to help additional coworkers
76
What does altruism operate on
Empathy
77
What is empathy
The capacity to understand another person's perspective, to feel what he or she feels
78
What type of connection does an empathetic person make
An emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help
79
What do some researchers argue when it comes to empathy
* Some say empathy is a form of selfless helping that is not motivated by benefits or feeling good about oneself (altruism)
* Others argue that helping is always self-serving because our egos are involved (egoism)
80
What is the most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships
With whom you have the most contact, the most important factor is proximity.
81
What are other factors that influence who we form relationships with
Someone with similar background, attitudes, and lifestyle
82
Do opposites attract
There's no evidence that opposites attract, we are attracted to people who are most like us
83
Why are we attracted to people who are similar to us
Because sharing things in common (music, hobbies, food, etc.) will make it easier to get along and form connections.
84
Homophily
The tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar
85
What does homophily limit
Our exposure to diversity. We will have limited exposure to different races, ethnicities, social economic status, and life situations. Because we will have homogeneous groups we will not be exposed to different points of view.
86
What do we desire when we form relationships with people
Reciprocity
87
What is reciprocity
The give and take in a relationship. When we contribute to relationships we expect to receive benefits as well, like self disclosure.
88
Self disclosure
The sharing of personal information
89
Deviance
This refers to behaviors that are outside the realm of societal expectations.
90
Disorders that show deviant behaviors are
Associated in many cases with behaviors that we engage in our normal everyday life, but that are at an extreme level that is not consistent with normal functioning
91
What is an example of a deviant mental disorder
Obsessive compulsive disorder
92
Dysfunction
Refers to the extent to which the behavior causes impairment in one or more important areas of functioning
93
Because there are no clear biological diagnosis for most mental disorders, how are psychological disorders diagnosed
On the basis of clinical observations of the individual's behaviors
94
Clinical observations for psychological disorders find that emotional states and behaviors operate on
A continuum, ranging from normal and accepted to more abnormal and unaccepted
95
How is the behavior considered a psychological disorder
It is determined not only by whether a behavior is deviant, but also by whether a behavior is dysfunctional or maladaptive
96
When would an intense fear of spiders be considered a psychological disorder
If it were to have a significant and negative impact on the individual's life, for instance by causing him or her to be unable to step outside the house
97
Distress
Refers to the behavior causing the individual physical or emotional harm
98
What are some examples of disorders that cause distress
Substance abuse, suicide attempts, and repeated binging and purging
99
Our behaviors that simply are unusual classified as disorders? Give an example
- The additional focus is on distress and dysfunction therefore to be simply unusual does not classify it as a disorder.
- Less common cultural, religious or sexual practices are not considered disorders if they do not cause significant distress or dysfunction.
100
What did ancient tradition attribute psychological disorders to? What were some of the remedies
- Sorcery and witchcraft
| - whipping, blood letting, purges, and trepanation which involved cutting a hole in the skull to release the demons.
101
Up until the 18th century, what was the most common treatment for the mentally ill
Incarceration in asylums or mad houses
102
What were some reformers during the 18th century
Philippe Pinel, Benjamin Rush, Dorothea Dix
103
What did Philippe Pinel believe
That mental illness was caused by a combination of physical and psychological stressors, exacerbated by inhumane conditions
104
What treatment did Philippe Pinel advocate
Exercise, fresh air, and daylight for the inmates, as well as treating them gently and talking with them
105
What was Benjamin Rush and Dorothea Dix's approach to treating the mentally ill
They created mental hospitals that treated patients humanely and attempted to cure them if possible
106
Stigma
This refers to a disgrace or defect that indicates that person belongs to a culturally devalued social group
107
How has mental health been stigmatized
- it has been accompanied by disrespectful and dehumanizing labels such as crazy, nuts
- Mass media has influenced society to develop negative attitudes towards mental illness
- They are treated poorly by social service, families, schools, workplaces, places of worship, and healthcare providers
108
What is the most significant problem of stigmatization towards those with psychological disorders
It slows the recovery
109
How does the internalization of social attitudes towards mental illness affect those with mental disorders
They become embarrassed or ashamed that they conceal their difficulties and fail to seek treatment. It can lead to lower self-esteem, increased isolation, and hopelessness, and negatively influence the individual's family and professional life.
110
How does the National Alliance on Mental Illness help combat stigmatization of mental health
They work to reduce the negative impact by providing education, community action, individual support, and other techniques
111
What does the American Psychiatric Association publish
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
112
How does the DSM help
It helps therapists, researchers, drug companies, health insurance companies and policy makers in the United States determine whether behavior should be considered a psychological disorder
113
What type of criteria and classification does the DSM provide
It provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders
114
What was removed as a mental disorder in 1973 by the DSM because it in fact did not have more mental pathology than heterosexuals
Homosexuality
115
What is the DSM-5 contain
The symptoms to make a diagnosis, clinical features, demographic data, and statistical information
116
Attribution
Involves trying to determine the causes of our own behavior and the behavior of other people
117
What are the two categories that attribution falls under
1. Dispositional attributions
| 2. Situational attributions
118
Dispositional attributions
Causes that reside within a person such as personality/mood / attitude
119
Situational attributions
Causes that are external to a person such as bad neighborhood, poor work conditions, a hard life
120
Give an example of a dispositional attribution and a situational attribution for a child's bad grades
Dispositional attribution: learning disability
| Situational attribution: incompetent teacher
121
Give an example of a dispositional attribution and a situational attribution for an employee's absenteeism
Dispositional attribution: lazy personality
| Situational attribution: stressful work environment
122
Give an example of a dispositional cause and a situational cause for someone you were on a date with having a nervous manner
Dispositional: insecure
Situational: bad history with the waiter or waitress
123
What is a fundamental attribution error
When people have a tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of situations when analyzing the behaviors of others
124
Provide an example of a fundamental attribution error when it comes to why a boss believes an employee misses work
A boss is more likely to believe that an employee misses work because they are lazy and not due to a stressful work environment
125
What is the actor observer difference
As an observer we are likely to commit the fundamental attribution error, however when we are the actor we have a tendency to overestimate the impact of situations and underestimate the impact of personal disposition
126
Give an example of actor observer difference when it comes to missing work
We believe we are more likely to be absent from work because of the stressful work environment rather than because we are lazy
127
When determining the causes of other people's behavior we are likely to
Commit the fundamental attribution error
