Week 8 test Flashcards
(22 cards)
What are the main organs of the Digestive system?
Mouth; Pharynx; Esophagus; Stomach; Small Intestine; and Large Intestine
What are the functions of the digestive system?
To regulate ingest, digest and the absorption nutrients
Alimentary canal processes and transports the products of digestion
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system and what do they do?
salivary glands, liver; gallbladder; and pancreas (located outside of the GI tract)
manufacture and secrete endocrine and exocrine enzymes
Describe the etiology, symptoms and Treatment of Crohn’s disease.
Etiology: unknown; immunological factors; infectious agents; psychosomatic illness; dietary factors; autoimmune factors; allergies
symptoms: layers of the bowel wall are edematous and inflamed; any portion of the GI tract is involved; chronic diarrhea; cramps; intermittent abdominal pain; weight loss; malaise; nausea; anorexia; fever; abdominal fullness; chronic complications – deep ulcerations; adhesions; and abscesses
Treatment: incurable; nutritional support; control of symptoms; dietary supplements; intravenous nutrition for prolonged bouts of diarrhea; drug therapy; immunosuppressive drugs – promote healing
Distinguish between gastric ulcers and peptic ulcers?
Etiology: cause of peptic ulcers – Helicobacter pylori bacterial infection; inflammation of the mucous membrane of the GI tract; use of NSAIDs; stress
Gastric ulcers – ingestion of gastric irritants; use of ulcerogenic drugs (i.e., alcohol, aspirin, and other anti-inflammatory agents); psychogenic stress; smoking
Herpes simplex blisters can develop on the ______________ and inside the ______________ producing painful _______________ that last a few hours or _________________.
Lips, mouth, ulcers, days
What are the signs and symptoms of cirrhosis of the liver?
Etiology?
An irreversible chronic degenerative disease that results in the replacement of normal liver cells with hard, fibrous scar tissue
Signs and symptoms: early stages – loss of appetite and weight; nausea and vomiting; indigestion; abdominal distention; edema; ↑ bleeding and bruising – frequent nose bleeds; skin is jaundice; ∆ in endocrine function leads to testicular atrophy and loss of chest hair; as disease progresses – memory impairment and confusion; drowsiness; untreated – hepatic failure and death
Etiology: chronic alcoholism; malnutrition; hepatitis; parasites; toxic chemicals; CHF; inherited disorders; also idiopathic
What is hepatitis A?
Hep A: Highly contagious condition caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) causing mild, acute liver infection
Etiology: transmitted by the fecal-oral routine from contaminated food, water, and stools; epidemic or infective hepatitis as it occurs in schools, camps, or institutions
Diagnosis: liver function studies; blood tests; urinalysis; hepatitis profile (identifies antigen and antibody)
Signs and symptoms: incubation period 15 to 50 days; mild to severe symptoms; spiking fevers; abrupt headaches; nausea; fever; dark urine; jaundice; yellowing of sclera of the eyes; abdominal discomfort; myalgia
Treatment: rest; intramuscular injection of immune globin within two (2) weeks of exposure; isolation; medication to control nausea and pain; low-fat carbohydrate diet; avoidance of alcohol
Signs and symptoms of ulcers?
Treatment?
Signs and symptoms: heartburn; epigastric pain (dull, aching, “hungerlike”); uncomfortable fullness; clutching of stomach, knees drawn up to chest; nocturnal pain; blood in stool or vomitus
Treatment: rest, medication, changes in diet, surgery, reducing stress, drug therapy
Goal of an otapta with a patient diagnosis of crohns?
Goals: treat the acute disease flare-ups and to maintain remission
What is a Hemorrhoid?
dilations of a vein in the anal canal or the anorectal area
What is celiac disease?
A disease of the small intestine characterized by malabsorption, gluten intolerance, and damage to the lining of the intestine; the disease has multisystem effects
Etiology: toxic or immunologic reaction to component of gluten (found in wheat, barley, and oats)
signs/symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of celiac?
Diagnosis: positive serologic testing; biopsy of small intestine showing changes or destruction of the mucosal lining; and improvement when on a gluten free diet
Signs and symptoms: weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal distention; large, pale, greasy, foul smelling stools
Treatment: gluten free diet; corticosteroids
What is a cholangiogram?
X-ray examination of the bile ducts, used to locate and identify an obstruction.
What is hepatitis B?
Inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Etiology: transmitted through percutaneous and perimucosal routes; virus multiples quickly and destroys liver cells; mode of transmission: contact with blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and saliva; health care providers – needle puncture or scratch; infected mother transmits through birth
Diagnosis: client’s Hx; laboratory tests; blood tests
Signs and symptoms: mimics the flu; liver inflammation; insidious onset
Treatment: antiviral therapy; Hepatitis B immune globulin administered to create passive immunity to the infected individual
What is hepatitis C?
Chronic condition caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) resulting in gradual, insidious liver disease
Etiology: transmitted by blood and body fluids; exposure from blood transfusions; kidney dialysis; organ transplantation; sexual contact; injecting illegal drugs; sharing articles of personal hygiene with an infected individual
Diagnosis: client Hx; liver ultrasound; blood tests; liver biopsy
Signs and symptoms: asymptomatic initially; chronic – necrosis; fibrosis; and cirrhosis of the liver; liver is tender or enlarged
Treatment: controlling symptoms; drug therapy (antiviral agents); rest; well balanced diet
Treatment of cirrhosis?
Treatment: prevention of further liver damage; no alcohol intake despite the etiology; rest; adequate nutrition; vitamin and mineral supplements; antacids; diuretics; liver transplantation
Etiology of a hiatus hernia?
How is it diagnosed?
A defect in the diaphragm that permits segment of stomach to slide into thoracic cavity
Etiology: congenital defects in the diaphragm or a weakness that develops in the diaphragm, protrusion of part of the stomach into the thoracic cavity; obesity; aging; trauma; intraabdominal pressure
Diagnosis: radiographic chest film; barium radiographic studies of the esophagus and stomach; endoscopy
Signs and symptoms of a hiatus hernia?
Signs and symptoms: cardiac sphincter at the top of the stomach malfunctions, contents of the stomach to regurgitate into the esophagus; heartburn; chest pain; difficulty swallowing; some clients are asymptomatic
Signs and symptoms + treatment of a hiatus hernia?
Signs and symptoms: cardiac sphincter at the top of the stomach malfunctions, contents of the stomach to regurgitate into the esophagus; heartburn; chest pain; difficulty swallowing; some clients are asymptomatic
Treatment: dietary modifications (bland food); lose weight if obese; antacids; medications; drug therapy; discourage smoking
Etiology of an abdominal hernia?
A condition in which an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening in the abdominal wall
Etiology: atypical opening develops in a weak area or a congenital malformation exists in the containing structures of the abdominal cavity; trauma; surgical scar
Diagnosis: palpation; listening to bowel sounds; radiographic studies; CBC
Signs and symptoms: vary with the site and size of the hernia; inguinal canal – loop of bowel protrudes into the inguinal canal; continuous sharp groin pain; severe pain may indicate trapped with no blood flow (strangulation) = gangrene
Treatment: wear a truss; surgical intervention – herniorrhaphy
What is appendicitis ?
inflammation of the appendix
Etiology: obstruction of the narrow appendiceal lumen initiates the clinical illness of acute appendicitis; obstruction might be caused by: Crohn’s disease; primary or metastatic cancer; upper respiratory infection; mononucleosis; parasites; foreign bodies; and fecaliths
