WEEK 8: TRAINING AND PHYSICAL DESIGN Flashcards
What is a needs assessment?
What are some common objectives?
A needs assessment is a systematic process for determining and addressing needs, or “gaps”, between current conditions and desired conditions. It helps us to determine what type of training is required.
Objectives:
– Cognitive outcome
– Skill-based outcomes
– Affective outcomes
– Specific behavioral criteria
* Increase performance
* Decrease customer complaints
* Increase quality
* Increase team processes
* Reduce violence
* Reduce injuries…. etc
Explain needs assessments at the organizational level
Organizational Analysis
– Situations when training needed:
* Changes in operation
* Increased accidents/violence/abuse/discrimination
* Customer complaints
– Is training necessary?
* Other ways of knowledge/skills transfer? (can we change policies instead?)
– Is there internal support?
* Is there a “training culture”
* Are the adequate resources?
* Number of opportunities/ Opportunities to practice
* Professional support
* Policies
* Supervisor attitudes toward training
* Employee participation in needs assessment
Explain needs assessment at the job level (job analysis)
Task Analysis - to determine training objectives, and performance standards
– Task Clusters, Task Statements
– KSAO Analysis
* Fill in gaps in hiring
* Develop new skills
* Competencies across all tasks
– Critical incidents
– Performance appraisals
– Physical fidelity
– Psychological fidelity
Explain needs assessment at the individual level
Person Analysis:
Human Variability:
* Age
* Culture
* Ability/disability
* Gender
* Education, Skill level
* Experience
* Fitness
* Motivation (higher motivation=increased performance)
* Intelligence
* KSAOs
List the 3 phases of skill acquisition
(D, C, P)
- Declarative knowledge
- Knowledge compilation
- Procedural Knowledge
What is declarative knowledge ?
Declarative Knowledge – “Intellectual knowledge”
– Memorizing, reasoning
– Slow, error prone, lots of attention required
– g is critical
– Verbal/written information from instructor/material
– Learner puts together rules to meet the goal
– Attention required
– Extrinsic feedback required
What is knowledge compilation?
Knowledge Compilation – “Rules”
– Integration of information, cognitive, sensory and motor tasks
- using cognitive and sensory info to make rules to understand, remember, and follow,
– Simplify attention demands
– Perceptual speed abilities important
- Established through practice, trial and error
– Less need for extrinsic feedback
What is procedural knowledge?
Procedural - “skills”
- Automatic knowledge gain from lots of practice
-Proceduralization = “over learning”
- condition action pair–> automatic reactions
- psychomotor ability
What are the three types of knowledge ? How can they be ordered?
- Task knowledge- rules and skills
- Functional knowledge - why?
- General knowledge - broader systems context, how to apply across various situations
- When determining which content to include in a program, take a TOP DOWN approach
( start with task knowledge/ skills required for specific task and work down to general knowledge ) - when delivering/teaching content, start with a BOTTOMS UP approach (ensure that people have a general understanding of the topic before getting into specific details/skills)
How is training evaluated?
Evaluation Criteria of Training:
Reaction Criteria
- Participants reaction, impressions and feelings
Learning Criteria
- Immediate knowledge
- Knowledge retention
-Behaviour/skills demonstration
Behavioural Criteria
- Changes in performance on the job
Results Criteria
- Economic value to the company
Outline Visher’s Model of Comfort (habitability pyramid)
- Visher’s model explains environmental comfort in 3 levels
- Evidence suggests that environmental comfort
comprises at least three hierarchically related categories: 1) physical 2) functional and 3) psychological
1) Physical comfort: includes basic
human needs such as safety, hygiene and accessibility without which a building is uninhabitable.
2)Functional Comfort: defined in terms of ergonomic support for users’ performance of work-related tasks and activities.
-Appropriate lighting for screen-based work, ergonomic furniture for computer users, and enclosed rooms available for
meetings and collaborative work, for example, help ensure functional comfort.
3)Psychological Comfort results from feelings of belonging, ownership and control over workspace.
- territoriality, privacy, control
The environmental comfort model postulates that, although weakness in one category can be compensated for by strength in another, optimal environmental support for work performance is most likely to occur when workspace quality is assured at all three comfort levels.
What are some of the benefits of daylight lighting in indoor work environments according to Vischer?
- Daylighting research has
linked increased comfort and productivity with
window size and proximity, as well as with view
out, control over blinds and shielding from glare
-More significantly,
research on daylight and views from hospital
rooms has been shown to affect medication
requirements and recovery rates
What does Vischer say about the primary source of discomfort in open-plan offices?
Workers in open plan workspace
tend to judge noise to be a primary source of
discomfort and reduced productivity
What does Vischer say about the primary source of satisfaction and performance in open-plan offices?
Perhaps the largest number of environmental
psychology studies of workspace has focused on
floor configuration and furniture layouts in the
open plan office. Research indicates that these
environmental factors have the greatest influence
on worker satisfaction and performance
List some pros and cons of open floor plans
CONS:
– Noise and distraction
– Privacy
– Stressors
– Increased communicable illnesses
PROS:
– Most studies show moderate improvements in collaboration, team work
– Inconclusive results for job control, business process time, musculoskeletal discomfort
– Reduced cost
– Flexibility
– Sociability
– Flattened hierarchy
CONCLUSION: FLOOR PLAN DEPENDS ON COMPANY GOALS/OBJECTIVES, BASED ON PERSON AND TASK INVOLVED, ETC
What is the Allen Curve?
In communication theory, the Allen curve is a graphical representation that reveals the exponential drop in frequency of communication between engineers as the distance between them increases
- as physical distance increases, communication decreases
- Curve also shows that through Email, communication still drops with physical distance
- CONCLUSION: COMMUNICATION IS STRONGEST WHEN PEOPLE ARE CLOSE TOGETHER, INTERACTING FACE-TO-FACE
What is Hot desking?
- No ownership of space
- you can book workstations online for each specific day/shift
- cheaper for organizations
- Requires participatory culture
- Requires adjustable furniture and seating
- Collaboration?
- More resources can go into supportive resting rooms, meeting spaces, exercise facilities
-Hybridwork - less privacy
- more distractions
- no sense of consistency/comfort
What are some risk factors associated with sitting?
Sitting for long periods of time is associated with health risks – even for people who are regularly physically active.
Increased health risks:
– All cause mortality
– CVD mortality
– Metabolic syndromes
– Cardio-metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers
– Cancer
* Increased body discomfort
– Musculoskeletal disorders
– Low back pain
What is sitting so bad? (mechamisms)
- Low caloric expenditure (non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT):
- lower energy expenditure when sitting
-contributes to potential caloric surplus—> weight gain—> related illnesses
2.Metabolism of Lipids and carbs:
Reduced metabolic & vascular health
* Increased triglyceride
* Decreased HDL
* Decreased insulin sensitivity
* Which appear to be at least partially mediated by changes in lipoprotein lipase activity
* Prolonged sitting may also affect CHO metabolism through changes in muscle glucose transporter protein content - Inflammation
- Sitting time was positively associated with
* fasting insulin
* C-reactive protein and adipokines (LAR, Leptin, IL-6) linked to adiposity * insulin resistance
* chronic low-grade inflammation
