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Sem 1: Plant Biology > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What cements adjacent plant cells together?

A

Middle Lamella

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2
Q

What does the cell wall/middle lamella do?

A

It prevents cell migration, even in embryos

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3
Q

What does plant developement depend on?

A

Patterns of cell division and cell enlargement

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4
Q

What connects adajcent cells?

A

Plasmodesmata which allows selective large molecules to go through

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5
Q

What are the 3 basic types of plant organs?

A

Stem, leaves (flowers) and roots

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6
Q

What are the three major tissue systems?

A

Dermal tissue
Ground tissue
Vascular tissue

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7
Q

What are the dermal tissues in plant leaves?

A

Upper epidermis and lower epidermis

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8
Q

What are the ground tissues in plant leaves?

A

Palisade parenchyma, bundle sheath parenchyma and spongy mesophyll

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9
Q

What are the vascular tissues in plant leaves?

A

Xylem and Phloem

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10
Q

What are the dermal tissues in stems?

A

Epidermis

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11
Q

What are the ground tissues in stems?

A

Cortex and Pith

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12
Q

What are the vascular tissues in stems?

A

Xylem and Phloem
With a vascular cambium forming a ring half way through

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13
Q

When did plants and animals split off from each other?

A

1.6 BYA

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14
Q

What are the similar traits of plant and animal cells?

A

Mitosis, meiosis, aerobic respiration etc

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15
Q

What was the plant progenitor like?

A

Autotrophic, cell wall and sessile organism

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16
Q

What was the animal progenitor like?

A

Heterotropic, lacked cell wall and can move

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17
Q

What is the life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana?

A

Germination
Vegetative growth
Floral transition
Flowering
Maturing siliques (embryogenesis)

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18
Q

What are the key features of animal embryogenesis?

A

Morphogenic changes confinded to a breif embryonic phase
Embryogenesis generates rudimentary miniature scale modules of the adult
Lineage and mobility important in determining and maintaing cell fate (cell intrinsic information)

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19
Q

What are the key features of plant embryogenesis?

A

Embryogenesis establishes root and shoot polarity (primary meristems)
Establishes radial tissue patterning found in stems and roots
Embryo is determinate whereas subsequent development is indeterminate
Cell fate is determined by position rather than cell type (cell extrinic information)

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20
Q

What is the function of meristems?

A

Plant (stem cells) they form new cells of a plant, necessary for primary growth

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21
Q

Where are apical meristems found?

A

They are found at the tips of roots and shoots

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22
Q

What are different about plant stem cells in the meristem?

A

They retain the ability to divide and produce new cells in a indeterminate manner

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23
Q

What do shoot apical meristems give rise to?

A

Stem, leaves, flowers, fruit and seeds

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24
Q

What do root apical meristems give rise to?

A

Primary and lateral roots

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25
Q

What are similarities between plant and animal embryogenesis?

A

Developement from zygote requires control of cell proliferation and cell fate
Asymmetric cell divisions in the zygote generates cells that undergo distinct devlopmental patterns
Cell fate is controlled by transcription factors that then regulate the expression of specific genes

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26
Q

What are the 2 type of cells that first divide in plant embryos?

A

Apical and basal cells

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27
Q

What is the protoderm?

A

Thin outer layer of meristem cells in plant embryos and the growing points of roots and stems

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28
Q

What is the cotyledon?

A

Leaf cells inside the embryo

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29
Q

What are periclincal cell divisions?

A

New cell walls form parallel to the tissue surface

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30
Q

What are anticlinal cell divisions?

A

New cell walls at 90 degrees to the tissue surface

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31
Q

What does the apical cell form?

A

Apical cell is always on top and will form an embryo

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32
Q

What does the basal cell form?

A

It is always on the bottom and will always form the suspensor (umbilical cord for plants)

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33
Q

What is the structure of the 8-cell plant embryo?

A

2 cell Apical embryo region
2 cell Central embryo region
1 cell Hypophysis
1 cell suspensor

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34
Q

What structure of a seedling?

A

Cotyledons
Shoot apical meristem
Hypocotyl
Primary root which has quiescent center root cap

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35
Q

Who defined the term morphogen?

A

Alan Turing

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36
Q

What is morphogen?

A

“form-generating substance”

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37
Q

What is the french flag model?

A

Different cell fates therefore gene expression are determined by the concentrations of different morphogens

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38
Q

What does position-dependant signalling need?

A

1- A cue that signifies positions within the developing structure (morphogen)
2- Individual cells must be able to ‘read’ this positional cue
3- Cells must have the capacity to respond to this manner

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39
Q

What is an example of plant morphogens?

A

Auxin

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40
Q

What does the mutant gurke mean for a plant?

A

Severly impacts apical formation

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41
Q

What does the mutant fackel?

A

The central region is gone

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42
Q

What does the mutant monopteros?

A

The basal region is gone

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43
Q

What does the mutant gnom?

A

The terminal region has gone

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44
Q

What is monopteros?

A

A transciption facotor that respondes to auxin (auxin response factor (ARF))

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45
Q

What are lateral meristems?

A

They are vascular combium and cork cambium which are necessary for secondary growth

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46
Q

What are axillary meristems?

A

They are formed at the node between the stem and the leaves

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47
Q

What are the 3 functions of the 3 layers in a shoot apex?

A

Layer 1 - generates epidermis
Layer 2 and 3 - Generate internal tissues

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48
Q

What is the structure of the upper part of the shoot apex?

A

Shoot apical meristem which is flanked by the leaf primordium

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49
Q

What does the peripheral zone develop into?

A

The leaf primordia

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50
Q

What does the rib zone develop into?

A

Structural cells of the stem

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51
Q

How many stem cells does the central zone of the shoot apical meristem in A.thaliana have?

A

50 stem cells

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52
Q

What does cytohistological staining show?

A

That the SAM is comprised of distinct cellular layers and functional zones

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53
Q

What happens some stem cells out of the central zone?

A

They get pushed out into the peropheral zone and rapidally divide to form new organs
This also happens with the central zone with stem tissues

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54
Q

What are the 3 layers and their function in Arabidopsis SAM?

A

Layer 1 - anticlinal cell divisions - epidermal
Layer 2 - anticlinal cell divisions
Layer 3 - anticlinal and periclinal

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55
Q

What does WUSCHEL do?

A

Promotes cell division in SAM (mutants do not produce SAM)

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56
Q

What is WUSHEL?

A

A homeoox transcription factor, induces transcription of genes necessary for SAM function

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57
Q

What are clavata3 mutants like?

A

Clavata3 mutants make meristem bigger and WUSCHEL expression pattern changed

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58
Q

What is the function of clavata3?

A

Inhibit meristem growth and controls wuschel expression

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59
Q

What is clavata3?

A

A small extracellular protein (ligand)

60
Q

What is CLV1?

A

A receptor kinase: CLV3 is a ligand for CLV1

61
Q

What is the function of CLV1?

A

Also necessary to inhibit meristematic growth

62
Q

What happens if a plant is mutnat in CLV1?

A

Has the same phenotyoe of enlarged meristem as CLV3

63
Q

What is the role of cell-extrinsic informaiton in meristem maintenance?

A

WUSCHEL induces transcription of genes
WUSCHEL acts non-cell autonomously - produced in L3 below the SAM (short range stimulator)
WUSCHEL induce expression of CLV3 in L1 and L2 cells of the SAM
CLV3 also acts non-cell autonomously (Long range inhibitor)
CLV1 expressing cells can regulate WUSCHEL expression in response to CLV3
CLV1 expression is confinded to a small region of cells where WUS is also expressed

64
Q

What is the function of STM?

A

Suppresses cell differentiation (shoot promeristem does form in stm mutants)

65
Q

What is the function of AS1?

A

Promotes leaf development

66
Q

What is the difference between root apical meristem and shoot apical meristem?

A

Similiar but shoot apical meristem induced induced by root cap

67
Q

What is the function of Quiescent center?

A

Organisisng centre in the shoot apical meristem

68
Q

What gene in the root apical meristem determines stem cell fate?

A

WOX5

69
Q

What is the function of the peptide CLE40?

A

Regulates stem cell fate and WOX5

70
Q

How do transcription factors help the developmental pathway of plants?

A

Transcription factors determine cell, tissue and organ identity

71
Q

What controls developmental pathway?

A

Developmental pathways are controlled by networks of interacting genes. These networks are regulated by transcription factors

72
Q

How do transcription factors contribute to the patterning process?

A

The movement of transcription factors can contribute to the patterning process

73
Q

What regulates cell development?

A

Development is regulated by cell-to-cell signalling

74
Q

What determines a cell’s fate?

A

It is determined by position, not clonal history (cell extrinsic information)

75
Q

In WT Arabidopsis roots have is the patterning of cells?

A

They have distinct radial patterning of cell layers

76
Q

In WT Arabidopsis roots what gives rise to specific cell files?

A

The defined plane of cell division in stem cells gives rise to specific cells

77
Q

What way to cells mostly grow in roots?

A

Anticlinal

78
Q

What happens during the begining of periclinal devision?

A

Cortical endodermal intial (stem cell) divides to form a mother endodermal cell which divides forming cortical cell

79
Q

What are two genes that control root developement in Arabidopsis?

A

SHORTROOT (SHR) (1 cell layer that is only cortex)
SCARECROW (SCR) (1 cell layer that is cortex + endodermal)

80
Q

What happens if you have a mutation in SHR and SCR?

A

This results in slow growing roots that lack distinct endodermal and cortical cells

81
Q

What do both SHR and SCR encode for?

A

They both encode for GRAS transcription factors

82
Q

What happens if periclinal cell division fails in stem cells?

A

This cell division fails to produce two cell types (this what happens in scr and shr mutants)

83
Q

What happens in transcriptional fusion?

A

A recombinant gene was constructed
The cellular transcription pattern can be determined following UV illumination of longitudinal sections

84
Q

What are the two points used in locating the expression of SHR?

A

A SHR promoter and a green fluescent protein (GFP)
In translational fusion the SHR gene is in between the promoter and GFP

85
Q

What happens in translational fusion?

A

A recombinant gene was constructed
Translation of the mRNA produces a chimeric protein
The cellular location of the protein can be determined

86
Q

Where does the transcriptional fusion (where expressed) of the SHR promoter occur?

A

GFP fusion shows SHR is transctibed in cells of the vascular cylinder (stele)

87
Q

Where does the translational fusion (where is protein) of the SHR promoter occur?

A

GFP fusions show that the protein is also located in the vascular cylinder but can also be found in the adjacent endodermal cell layer and the QC

88
Q

What does the location of SHR trancription and translation mean about SHR protein?

A

SHR is a non-cell autonomous protein (it can move between cells)

89
Q

What did scientist find out about with translational fusion of SCR?

A

They SCR protein is expressed in a single cell layer in roots - the endodermis, but not the cortex

90
Q

What did scientist find out about with translational fusion of SCR in shr mutant?

A

SCR expression is weak in the endodermal cell layer when SHR is absent

91
Q

What did scientist find out about SCR through translational factors in transgenuc Arabidopsis and shr mutant?

A

SHR expression stimulates SCR

92
Q

What happens to SHR when it is first transcribed?

A

SHR synthesised in stele cells moves in both directions across the nuclear pore complex (this accounts for the diffuse appearance of GFP in stele cells)

93
Q

How does SHR leaves the stele cells?

A

SHR moves through the plasmadesmata to neighbouring cells

94
Q

What happens to the SHR when it enters the neighbouring cell?

A

The SHR is modified which prevents further transport throught the plasmadesmata

95
Q

What happens to the SHR after it has been modified?

A

SHR activtaes SCr which intiates endodermal cell development

96
Q

What is required in the same cell to specify endodermal characters?

A

SCR and SHR are both needed

97
Q

Why are both SCR and SHR needed to specify endodermal characters?

A

SCR and SHR proteins form a heterodimer complex that switches on expression of endodermal genes

98
Q

What are produced from the shoot apical meristem?

A

All the above ground structures like flowers, caline leaves and rosette leaves

99
Q

What is the floral transition?

A

The switch from vegetative to reproductive devlopment (inflorescence meristem)

100
Q

What factors can influence floral transtion?

A

Age
Photoperiod
Vernalisation
Ambient temperature
Gibberelin
Light quality
Abiotic stress
Sucrose

101
Q

What is vernalisation?

A

The requirement for cold period before flowering

102
Q

What is the FT gene?

A

The flowering locus which can measure day length

103
Q

Which couple of proteins are cruicial for all flowering cues (floral intergrators)?

A

FT, SOC1 and LFY

104
Q

What is the function of SOC1 and LFY?

A

Are floral intergraters which can analyse all factors and decide whether or not to flower

105
Q

What is the function or floral intergrators?

A

They activate the meristem indentity genes on the position where the floral meristem will form

106
Q

Which genes are the floral meristem identity genes?

A

LFY, AP1 (CAL)

107
Q

What happens in lfy mutant plants?

A

They become bushier as they start the process of forming meristem but quickily can not continue so they make branches with leaves on it. They may make something like a flower but it will be enclosed and look mutated

108
Q

What happens in ap1 mutants?

A

They get further along than lfy plants but they still can’t form leaves. When they start to flower flowers instead or petals they start trying to form new flowers ie stalks. They constantly make meristematic tissue

109
Q

What happens when you have an ap1/cal double mutant?

A

This produces inflorescene meristems instead of floral meristems, which looks like cauliflower. This is a huge meristem

110
Q

What activates genes for floral organ development?

A

Meristem identity genes activate genes downstream needed for floral organ development

111
Q

What are the 4 different type of floral organs?

A

Stamen
Carpel
Petal
Sepal

112
Q

What are the two parts of the stamen?

A

Anther and Filament

113
Q

What are the 3 parts of the carpel?

A

Stigma, style and ovary

114
Q

Where is the petal always located compared to the sepal?

A

Always in between 2 sepals

115
Q

What is the step of floral developement

A

Bulges form on the sides of the meristem which will become flowers

116
Q

What happens when the bulge moves away from the meristem?

A

It becomes more developement forming a sepal and then the other organs will slowly form within it until it opens

117
Q

What is field 1 for flower schematic diagrams?

A

Field 1: Sepals and petals

118
Q

What is field 2 for flower schematic diagrams?

A

Petals and stamens

119
Q

What is field 3 for flower schematic diagrams?

A

Stamens and carpels

120
Q

What part of the flower organ labelled as whorls?

A

Whorl 1: sepals
Whorl 2: petals
Whorl 3: stamens
Whorl 4: carpels

121
Q

What did they find about mutants in flower developement?

A

They impacted 2 consectutive whorls ie a field

122
Q

What parts of a flower where impacted with a deficiens mutant?

A

The petals and stamens (field 1)

123
Q

What parts of a flower where impacted with a plena mutant?

A

The stamens and carpels (field 3)

124
Q

What does the apetala2-2 mutant in arabiposis flower look like?

A

Only Petals and stamen (impacted petal and sepal)

125
Q

What does the pistillata2 mutant in arabiposis flower look like?

A

Only sepal and carpel (similar to deficiens)

126
Q

What does the agamous1 mutant in arabiposis flower look like?

A

Only petals and sepal (similar to plena)

127
Q

What is the ABC-model of flower developement?

A

3 classes of activity:A, B and C function
Each of the ABC function encompasses 2 whorls
A and C function mutually repress each other

128
Q

Which whorls goes to each letter?

A

A: Whorl 1 and 2
B: Whorl 2 and 3
C: Whorl 3 and 4

129
Q

What is the relationship between A and C?

A

They mutually repress each other, they are mutually exclusive. If one isnt produce then the other is produced ie no A means every cell will produce C

130
Q

Where are class A genes expressed?

A

They start through out the bulge but eventually move to the outside for petal and sepal development

131
Q

Where are class B genes expressed?

A

They are expressed in a ring the centre of the bud but are expressed later

132
Q

Where are class C genes expressed?

A

They are expressed in the centre where the stamens and carpels form

133
Q

What is the genes underlying class A?

A

APETALA1 & 2

134
Q

What is the genes underlying class B?

A

APETALA3/ PISTILLATA

135
Q

What is the genes underlying class C?

A

AGAMOUS

136
Q

What happens in a plant with a quadruble mutant of Ap1, ap2, ap3/pi, Ag?

A

Ectopic expression of these genes in leaves did not lead to homeotic transformations ino floral organs. Same pattern as a flower but its all leaves

137
Q

What are E class genes?

A

They are genes needed in every cell for flower development, meaning the model is ABCE

138
Q

What happens in a plant with ectopic expression of A, B and E genes?

A

This gives rise to petals

139
Q

What is gene E?

A

SEPALLATA1-4 (floral meristem identity genes)

140
Q

What do most ABCE genes encode for?

A

MADS-domain transcription factors

141
Q

What do the MADS-domain transcription factors do?

A

These bind to DNA in dimers. The dimers can also form tetradimers

142
Q

What is the structures of MADS-domain transcription factor?

A

MADS box domain ——– intervening region-/-coiled-coil domain —- Nonconserved carboxy-terminal domain

143
Q

What is the name of the overal region of the MADS transcription factors, not including the MADS box domain?

A

The protein-protein interaction

144
Q

What is the ‘floral quartet model’

A

Different tetramers in different organs eg for petal it has the A class gene, the B class genes and the E class genes

145
Q

What is the function of the ABCE genes?

A

They regulate hundreds of genes, with a regulatory network downstream of the ABCE-proteins is complex

Sem 1: Plant Biology (10 decks)

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