Week 9

Question 1

Avoidance

Answer 1

• mainly come from those living in severe geographies
• specifically for arctic and jungle areas

Question 2

Adaptation

Answer 2

Forced to adapt because avoidance is impossible

Question 3

3 examples of Avoidance (3 groups)

Answer 3

1- Beothuk in Newfoundland
2- Pygmies in Central Africa
3- Nenets in Serbia

Question 4

Beothuk

Answer 4

• In Newfoundland
• European fishers, in summer leaving in winter
• Beothuks would raid left behind resources
• eventually cut off from coast and hunting (lost access to food sources)

Question 5

Mi’kmaq

Answer 5

Neighbours to Beothuk who actually traded furs and exhausted local game supply

Question 6

Shanawdithit (Person)

Answer 6

• Beothuk woman who gave accounts of Beothuk for newfoundland people
• Thought to be last Beothuk person

Question 7

Pygmies

Answer 7

-Central African Foragers
- stayed in Jungles to stay away from Settlers
- slaves to bantu
- seen as inferior by settlers/ bantu
- denied citizenship, land etc
- dealing with development now (deforestation)

Question 8

Nenet

Answer 8

• Serbia/ Northern Russia
• reindeer herding
• maintained language religion and migration
• global warming melting permafrost (affecting reindeer sled and microbes)
• hydrocarbon mining also being mined > disrupting reindeer routes

Question 9

Yaran people

Answer 9

mix of Nenet and Izhma Komi

Question 10

Avoidance in long run

Answer 10

Shrinking land bases, diminishing resources and growing pollution makes avoidance impossible

Question 11

Trade (initial encounter)

Answer 11

-Newcomer trading often uneven
- limited material needs (not capitalist)
- used to extract resources (settlers)

Question 12

Maori (trading/ initial encounter)

Answer 12

• Whale hunters
• trade peaceful for a while, until

Question 13

Pakeha

Answer 13

Maori word for European

Question 14

Hudson’s Bay Company

Answer 14

• beaver pelts (needed for hats)
• began trading with Natives
• served both partners of trade initially
• in long run indigenous people suffered

Question 15

Omushkego

Answer 15

• “Swampy Cree”
• middle man of inland communities to coasts

Question 16

Alcohols (trade)

Answer 16

• Since natives were not capitalist and did not trade for more than they need, they were introduced to alcohols (demand)

Question 17

Assininboine (Nakota)

Answer 17

• ## middlemen between Indigenous groups and Europeans

Question 18

Northwest Company

Answer 18

• competition to HBC
• more inland

Question 19

HBC NWC Pros

Answer 19

• traders go directly to people
• good deals
• shop around for good prices with good quality

Question 20

HBC NWC Cons

Answer 20

• Cree and Assiniboine lost middlemen position
• game was being trapped out
• land invades
• drawn into violence between European people
• disease spread
• dependant on trade for livelyhood

Question 21

Trade trends (New Zealand and Canada)

Answer 21

• trade initially good, but overtime as resources became depleted Indigenous people lost power and trade with newcomers became harmful

Question 22

Mestizos

Answer 22

• Children of Spanish Colonizers and indigenous women
• today called castas (mixed people), Mestizos means Mexicans who do not speak the indigenous language

Question 23

Metis ( people plus role)

Answer 23

• French/British, union for commercials/ diplomatic ties
• indigenous women became key figures
• mariage a la facon du pay = marriage in the custom of the country
• children would marry eachother (create metis)
• Metis women would become wanted wives
• HBC/NWC merger > white women, metis men fired
• movement to red river settlement

Question 24

Indigenous Women as Key Figures(Metis)

Answer 24

-negotiated diplomatic and economic ties
- kept their European traders alive
- hunted, gathered good, trapped furs
- made wigwams, canoes, snowshoes
- were travel guides
- acted as interpreters

Question 25

Ainu Women

Answer 25

- raped by Japanese Merchants, suicide - husbands killed - abandoned with their children - forced to get abortions - STI's

Question 26

Indigenous Women Stereotyping

Answer 26

- Stereotyped to be sexually promiscuous - gave them justification - limited liabality to colonizer men who inflicted sexual violence - both sides usually unhappy (men and women) - mixed kids usually shunned by white society

Question 27

National Inquiry into Missin and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls

Answer 27

- modern example of Indigenous women mistreatment - made 16 percent of all female homicide only 4 percent (TDLR, unproportionally high crime cases)

Question 28

Newcomer's Guilt

Answer 28

- Rapid assimilation best solution

Question 29

Aboriginal Protection Society

Answer 29

- fair and just treatment of Indigenous people - ensure local residence benefit from transitions - missionaries helped, wanted to christianize but also protected rights

Question 30

Idealist Preservationists:

Answer 30

- people focused on protecting cultures - drawn to exoticism - advocated for isolated reserves for indigenous people - sometimes did good - Bartholome de las Casas example

Question 31

Roger Sandallm The Culture Cult

Answer 31

- Romantic Primitivism - critics glorifying and romanticizing Indigenous life - points out inperfections of Indigenous cultures

Question 32

Indigenous adaptation many forms

Answer 32

- learn colonizer language - entered new economic, political and social systems - kin relations - contrary to popular belief, Indigenous societies stayed intact

Question 33

Romantic Primitivism 2 errors

Answer 33

= fails to acknowledge that indigenous cultures were once common in western cultures - fails to acknowledge change over time