Week 9 Flashcards

(27 cards)

1
Q

Early hominin identification

A
  • Africa (Chad, Kenya, ethiopia)
  • hominin characteristics: bipedal with reduced non-honing canines
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2
Q

Non-honing canines

A
  • canines not designed to be sharpened by a lower neighboring tooth
  • greaty reduced compared to old world monkeys
  • hominins are changing from sexually diamorphic
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3
Q

Origins of bipedal locomotion

A
  • bipedalism is highly efficient
  • thermoregulation (less solar radiation) + energy efficiency + freeing the hands
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4
Q

The foramen magnum

A
  • large hole in the middle of the bottom of our skull
  • balanced on our vertebra perfectly
  • allows more bipedal
  • the foramen magnum in a gorilla is at the back of the skull, allowing quadrupedalism
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5
Q
A
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6
Q

The vertebral column

A
  • in hominins, distributes body weight in front/behind spine
  • transmits body weight through pelvis into lower limb
  • S curve (sigmoid curve in spine)
  • as it goes down, it increases in spine
  • in primates and monkeys, their spine isn’t as curvy
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7
Q

S curve (sigmoid curve)

A
  • curve in the spine of a human
  • doesn’t engage upper body muscles to stand
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8
Q

The pelvis in hominin

A
  • bipedal accommodates body weight on 2 limbs than 4
  • differences in structure = difference in function
  • pelvis is SHORT and BROAD
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9
Q

Gorrila pelvis

A
  • Pelvis is TALL and NARROW
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10
Q

The power limb

A
  • elongated hindlimb which allows bigger stride length
  • femur angled towards the knee (valgus): brings center of gravity over knee = balance
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11
Q

The foot

A
  • function: platform vs grasping organ
  • stable ankle joint
  • large, non-divergent big toe: balance and propulsion
  • arches: weight transfer, stabilization of foot
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12
Q

Sahekanthropus

A
  • ~7 Million yrs ago
  • found in Chad
  • combination of primitive and derived (more modern) morphology (mosaic evolution)
  • more central foramen magnum = earliest bipedal
  • ape-like postranial skeleton
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13
Q

Ardipithecus

A
  • around 5.8-4.4 million yrs
  • found in Ethiopia
  • same traits as Sahelanthropus
  • very long arms, big hands with curved fingers
  • divergent big toe!! = different kind of bipedalism
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14
Q

Mosaic evolution

A
  • when characters evolve at different rates
  • combination of primitive and derived traits
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15
Q

Australopithecus

A
  • 4.2-2 million yrs ago
  • in east and south Africa, Chad
  • prognathic, megadont, large fafes with large attachments sites for chewing muscles
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16
Q

Primitive and derived traits

A
  • primitive: traits inherited from older generations
  • derived traits: newer traits and adaptations, changed, modified
17
Q

Paranthropus

A
  • 3 species
  • South and east Africa around 2.5-1 mill yrs ago
  • larger brain size, massive faces
  • megadont
18
Q

Australopiths

A
  • made from australopithecus and parathropus
  • relations are unclear but they were still arboreal
  • a grade is a grouping that doesn’t imply specific evolutionary relationships
  • small brained and bodied
  • megadont
  • bipedal with arboreal retentions: long arms, curved phalanges, relatively short legs
19
Q

Megadont

A
  • big big teeth so large cheek teeth
20
Q

Prognathic

A
  • jaw that juts forward, typically lower jaw or mouth
21
Q

Orthographic

A
  • face is more or less vertical and less forwards
  • humans are orthographic
22
Q

Lucy

A
  • australopithecus afarensis species
  • female
  • 3.9-3 mill years ago
  • her pelvis was shorter and wider than a quadruped, larger than ours
  • her femur is the same length as a chimpanzees, but it’s valgus (oriented on an incline)
23
Q

Material culture in tool making

A
  • indication of human Adaption and technological complexity
24
Q

Knapping

A
  • shape (a piece of stone, typically flint, of striking stones together to make stone tools or weapons to give a flat faced stone for building walls)
  • hammerstone (stone) against core (big stone) to make a flake (piece of stone)
25
Extant analogues
- use of animal models - tool use in last common ancestor (LCA) of chimps and humans in 6-9 mill years ago - modify hammers and anvils, twigs, leaf sponges - chimps don't knap, only food procurement
26
Early tool users: homo habilis
- handy man discovered in 1960, Tanzania, olduvai gorge - East and South Africa, 2.5-1.4 mill yrs ago - larger brain - associated with stone tools - more orthographic - smaller teetb but still had thick enamel and strong jass - short - mosaic of morphological features
27
Encephalization
- evolutionary incraze in brain size relative to body size, measured in EQ