week 9 Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is a reinforcer
They are things that will make it more likely that the behaviour of interest will occur again.
After feeling upset about getting multiple speeding tickets, a man feels nervous whenever he sees flashing lights. In this scenario, the nervous feeling from seeing lights is the:__________
Conditioned response
What is Stimulus generalization?
This is when a stimuli (impressionist paintings in the video) similar to an original stimulus (Monets) in a learning paradigm produce a response approximating that learned (by positive reinforcement – food) under the original condition. A generalization gradient can be drawn up showing that the more similar the stimuli the more similar the response
What are the 4 domains of the IASP Curriculum for Physical Therapy?
Multidimensional nature of pain
Pain assessment and measurement
Management of pain
Pain conditions
What is a key principle of the IASP Curriculum regarding pain?
Pain is dynamic and complex, shaped by biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors unique to the individual.
What does the IASP curriculum recommend regarding patient-centered care?
Physiotherapists should involve patients in setting individualized, lifelong, healthy pain behaviours and support self-management strategies.
What is Pavlovian associative learning in the context of pain?
It’s a form of learning where a neutral context (e.g. office) becomes associated with pain through repeated pairings, even without ongoing tissue damage.
What role do consequences play in pain behaviour through associative learning?
Pain behaviours can be reinforced through positive consequences (attention, sympathy) or negative consequences (avoiding unpleasant tasks), maintaining pain output.
How do behaviours fit with the predictive processing model?
Pain is generated when the brain’s prediction (based on context and expectations) doesn’t match actual sensory input. Pain becomes the predicted and protective output.
What is the goal of intervention in predictive processing?
To reduce the mismatch between predicted threat and sensory reality by creating new experiences that update predictions (e.g., graded exposure, education).
What does the Motivation-Decision Model of Pain describe?
It explains how the brain weighs pain against potential rewards—when a reward is meaningful enough, natural analgesia occurs, reducing pain in favour of the goal.
Give an example of the Motivation-Decision Model in action.
A patient may walk despite knee pain if the reward (e.g., social interaction, dancing) is perceived as more valuable than the discomfort.
How can clinicians use the Motivation-Decision Model to help patients?
By increasing motivational salience of meaningful activities (goals, values) and reinforcing positive experiences to shift behaviour toward function and away from avoidance.
What behavioural approaches are recommended by the IASP for chronic pain?
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
Relaxation, hypnotherapy, operant conditioning
Stress management and goal setting
What three elements contribute to a behaviour?
- motivation to do the behaviour
- ability to do it
- prompt (you have to do it now)
BJ Fogg advocates for “Tiny Habits” - How might encouraging your patient to attach a tiny exercise behaviour to an existing habit or routine be useful based on the Fogg Behaviour Model?
It gives the patient a prompt that they can associate with (eg. do a set of squats in each ad break of your favourite tv show)
In “Tiny Habits”, he also encourages the celebration of tiny achievements (other scholars have called this ‘accumulating small wins’) - which part of the B=MAP formula would such a celebration influence?
The M - celebrating gives an emotional reward to increase motivation.
Dan Ariely
Is ‘information’ enough to change behaviours?
No
driving while texting is dangerous (they still do it)
Dan Ariely
Imagine you have a patient challenged by chronic pain, Taryn, who wants to go for a walk each day. What strategies did you just learn about that could be useful? (Eg. consider prompts, reducing friction, loss aversion etc.. ) How would you help Taryn to build a habit?
Reduce friction – Lay out clothes/shoes in advance.
Use defaults – Walk at the same time daily with reminders.
Leverage loss aversion – Commitment contracts or streak tracking.
Change environment – Walk with friends or listen to podcasts.
Set small, specific goals – Start with short walks and celebrate progress.
What patient factors may impact knowledge outcomes in pain education?
Self-efficacy
Health literacy
Co-morbidities
Cultural background
What clinician factors may influence pain education outcomes?
Clinician’s pain-related beliefs
Communication style
Understanding of behavioural strategies
What aspects of the message can affect its impact?
Use of multimedia
Language and metaphors
Clarity and simplicity
What contextual factors influence pain education?
Insurance limitations
Risk-reduction policies
Injury prevention priorities
What is classical (Pavlovian) conditioning in pain?
A neutral stimulus (e.g., movement) is paired with pain, eventually triggering fear or pain without actual injury.
