Week 9: Attitudes and Attitude Change

Question 1

_____________ are evaluations of people, objects and ideas.

Answer 1

Attitudes

Question 2

Identical twins have _______ similar attitudes than fraternal twins.

a. more
b. less
c. the same
d. none of the above

Answer 2

a. more

Question 3

The three components of attitude are:
___________, ___________, and ___________.

Answer 3

cognitive, affective, and behavioural

Question 4

________ based attitudes are attitudes based primarily people’s beliefs about the properties of an attitude object.

Answer 4

Cognitively

Question 5

Henry’s attitude on a vacuum cleaner is based on his beliefs about the objective merits of various brands, such as how well they clean up dirt and how much they cost.

This is likely to be a/an ______ based attitude.

Answer 5

cognitively

Question 6

______ based attitudes are an attitude based more on people’s feelings and values than on their beliefs about the nature of an attitude object.

Answer 6

Affectively

Question 7

John’s attitude on cars are dependent on the cars giving him a sense of pleasure, luxury, and prestige, which is why he likes the Ferrari brand of cars.

John’s attitude is likely a/an _______ based attitude.

Answer 7

affectively

Question 8

______ ______ is the phenomenon whereby a stimulus that elicits an emotional response is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus that does not, until the neutral stimulus takes on the emotional properties of the first stimulus.

Answer 8

Classical conditioning

Question 9

In Pavlov’s experiment, dogs had salivated after hearing a bell noise despite not given any food. This is an example of _____ _____.

Answer 9

classical conditioning

Question 10

______ ______ is the phenomenon whereby behaviours we freely choose to perform become more or less frequent, depending on whether they are followed by a reward or punishment.

Answer 10

Operant conditioning

Question 11

Shanice is at the playground, whenever Shanice walks towards the sandpit, her mother scolds her as she does not want Shanice to get dirty from the sand. As a result, Shanice goes over to the sandpit less frequently.

This is an example of _____ _____ whereby her behaviour becomes less frequent as she is afraid of the _____, which is her being scolded by her mother.

Answer 11

operant conditioning, punishment

Question 12

________ based attitudes are attitudes based on observations of how one behaves towards an object.

Answer 12

Behaviourally

Question 13

Ethan was asked by his friend on how much he likes to exercise, he replies, “Well I guess I like it, because I always seem to be running when I’m bored.”.

From this, we can determine that Ethan likely has a/an ______ based attitude.

Answer 13

behaviourally

Question 14

______ attitudes are attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report.

Answer 14

Explicit

Question 15

_____ attitudes are attitudes that exist outside of our conscious awareness.

Answer 15

Implicit

Question 16

Which of the following conclusions is the most consistent with research on the heritability of attitudes?

a. Our attitudes are shaped by our surroundings and do not seem to have any genetic component to them.
b. Our attitudes are inherited and dictated by our genetic makeup, with little influence from environmental factors.
c. We often inherit a temperament or personality that renders us likely to develop similar attitudes to those held by our genetic relatives.
d. Fraternal twins are just as likely to share attitudes as are identical twins.

Answer 16

c. We often inherit a temperament or personality that renders us likely to develop similar attitudes to those held by our genetic relatives.

Question 17

People’s emotional reaction to a target is referred to as the ______component of attitudes.

a. affective
b. behavioral
c. cognitive
d. operant

Answer 17

a. affective

Question 18

Which component of an attitude is most related to the process of examining facts and weighing the objective merits of a target?

a. Affective
b. Behavioral
c. Cognitive
d. Operant

Answer 18

c. Cognitive

Question 19

Your tendency to experience happy, excited, or nostalgic feelings when you hear your favorite childhood cartoon theme song being played somewhere can be best explained by the relationship of attitudes to _______

a. classical conditioning.
b. operant conditioning.
c. self-perception.
d. values.

Answer 19

a. classical conditioning.

Question 20

When asked why Jessica preferred dogs over cats, she reasons: “because (1) dogs are friendly, (2) they create warm and fuzzy feelings in me, and (3) I spend a lot of my time online looking at their photos or watching their videos.” Each of her reasoning represents which of the following kind of attitudes?

a. Cognitive, Behavioral, Affective
b. Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral
c. Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral
d. Behavioral, Affective, Cognitive

Answer 20

c. Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral

Question 21

_____ _____ is the strength of the association between an attitude object and a person’s evaluation of that object, measured by the speed with which people can report how they feel about the object.

Answer 21

Attitude accessibility

Question 22

In attitude accessibility, if accessibility is _____, your attitude comes to mind whenever you see or think about the attitude object.

a. high
b. low
c. medium
d. none of the above

Answer 22

a. high

Question 23

In attitude accessibility, if accessibility is low, the attitude comes to mind more _____ whenever you see the attitude object.

a. quickly
b. slowly

Answer 23

b. slowly

Question 24

When a person’s experience towards an attitude object is more direct, their accessibility to the attitude would be _________

a. increased
b. decreased
c. remain the same
d. none of the above

Answer 24

a. increased

Question 25

The more accessible an attitude is, the _____ likely their spontaneous behaviour will be consistent with that attitude. a. less b. more

Answer 25

b. more

Question 26

In the ____ ____ ____ ____, people's intentions are the best predictors of their deliberate behaviours, which are determined by three factors: their attitudes towards specific behaviours, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control.

Answer 26

theory of planned behaviour

Question 27

One of the three factors in the theory of planned behaviour is ____ ____ ____ ____. It looks into a person's specific attitude towards the behaviour, and not their general attitude towards it.

Answer 27

attitude toward the behaviour

Question 28

In the theory of planned behaviour, _____ ____ is one of the three factors. It is regarding people's beliefs about how other people they care about will view the behaviour in question.

Answer 28

subjective norms

Question 29

One of the three factors in the theory of planned behaviour is _____ _____ _____, which is the ease with which people believe they can perform the behaviour.

Answer 29

perceived behavioural control

Question 30

Jing Yi does not enjoy classical music, however, her friend, Asyiqin, is playing in the concert. We can assume that Asyiqin would be disappointed if Jing Yi does not show up in the concert. From this, we can predict that Jing Yi would likely show up for the concert. This prediction is based on the factor of ____ ____.

Answer 30

subjective norms

Question 31

The major finding of LaPiere’s (1934) classic study on attitudes and behaviour involving prejudice and hotel/ restaurant owners is that a. people are more prejudiced than their self-reported attitudes would lead us to believe. b. people’s attitudes are not always reliable predictors of their behaviours. c. the less accessible an attitude is, the more likely it is to shape behaviour. d. when it comes to racial prejudice, people’s attitudes are particularly strong predictors of their behaviours.

Answer 31

b. people’s attitudes are not always reliable predictors of their behaviours.

Question 32

Which of the following is true about highly accessible attitudes? a. It helps predict our deliberate behaviours. b. It helps predict our future behaviours. c. It helps predict our spontaneous behaviours. d. It helps predict our intention.

Answer 32

c. It helps predict our spontaneous behaviours.

Question 33

All of the following are examples of deliberative behaviours, except: a. Deciding to major in linguistics rather than sociology after evaluating the pros and cons of both the subjects. b. Separating bottles, papers, and other recyclables from pure wastes because of a recently implemented rule by your local government. c. Avoiding eating raw fish at a restaurant because ever since you were a child you have been taught that raw fish is bad for your health. d. Following the equations given on the information sheet during your chemistry exam.

Answer 33

c. Avoiding eating raw fish at a restaurant because ever since you were a child you have been taught that raw fish is bad for your health.

Question 34

Neena plays badminton and is not at all interested in table tennis. Her close friend Simi is participating in a national level table tennis match being held in their town. Based on subjective norms, what do you think Neena would do? a. Neena would watch her favourite movie at home instead. b. Neena would go and watch the match to avoid disappointing Simi. c. Neena would avoid Simi till the match is over. d. Neena would request a common friend to come and watch the match with her

Answer 34

b. Neena would go and watch the match to avoid disappointing Simi.

Question 35

In trying to predict deliberative behaviours, what three considerations must we evaluate? a. Cognitively based attitudes, behaviourally based attitudes, affectively based attitudes b. Attitude specificity, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control c. Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, self-perception theory d. Attitude accessibility, explicit attitudes, implicit attitudes

Answer 35

b. Attitude specificity, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control

Question 36

___ ___ is a form of communication, or message, advocating a particular side of an issue.

Answer 36

Persuasive communication

Question 37

The ___ ___ ___ approach is the study of the conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages, focusing on the source of the communication, the nature of the communication, and the nature of the audience.

Answer 37

Yale Attitude Change

Question 38

The Yale Attitude Change Approach suggests that what makes a persuasive communication effective, is 3 components: The ___ of the communication The ___ of the communication The ___ of the audience Essentially "who said what to whom."

Answer 38

The source of the communication The nature of the communication The nature of the audience

Question 39

The ___ ___ model is a model explaining two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: centrally, when people are motivated and have the ability to pay attention to the arguments, and peripherally, when people do not pay attention to the arguments but are swayed by surface characteristics.

Answer 39

elaboration likelihood

Question 40

The ___ route to persuasion is the case in which people have both the ability and the motivation to elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening carefully to and thinking about the arguments presented.

Answer 40

central

Question 41

The ___ route to persuasion is the case in which people do not elaborate on the arguments in a persuasive communication but are instead swayed by more superficial cues.

Answer 41

peripheral

Question 42

John is giving a talk to Weiwei, his younger brother, giving different arguments in an attempt to convince him that Bulbasaur is actually a great Pokemon instead of a boring one. Weiwei is barely paying attention to John. John notices this, and starts giving arguments that are weak in reasoning but with a lot of confusing vocabulary. Weiwei assumes that John is very smart due to the 'big' words John is using and starts to agree that Bulbasaur is a great Pokemon. John was successful in using the ____ in changing Weiwei's attitude. a) peripheral route to persuasion b) central route to persuasion c) Yale attitude change approach d) shock and awe approach

Answer 42

a) peripheral route to persuasion

Question 43

Using the Yale attitude change approach, in which scenarios are the most likely to cause an attitude change in an individual? a) An attractive investment agent talking about how investing in cryptocurrencies is always better to a group of psychology students b) A materials science professor discussing both sides of environmental concerns relating to material production to a group of materials science students c) An accountant discussing about financial health to secondary school students d) A teacher discussing about how smoking is harmful to primary school students

Answer 43

b) A materials science professor discussing both sides of environmental concerns relating to material production to a group of interested materials science students

Question 44

What is true about the effects of personal relevance on the type of attitude change? 1) Regardless of the expertise of the sources, weak arguments that have a high personal relevance would have a higher likelihood of being disagreed 2) In topics of low personal relevance, there was a higher likelihood of agreement, regardless the quality of the arguments, if it was given by a high-expertise source. 3) Strong arguments on topics of high personal relevance would more likely be in agreement, regardless of the expertise of the source a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3

Answer 44

d) 1, 2, and 3

Question 45

___-___ communication is a persuasive message that attempts to change people's attitudes by arousing their fears.

Answer 45

Fear-arousing

Question 46

According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, which of the following is true? a. Strong arguments lead to more of an attitude change regardless of whether the issue is personally relevant or not. b. The expertise of the source alone mattered for participants to whom the issue was personally relevant. c. If the issue was highly relevant to participants, they would be more easily persuaded if they were presented with strong arguments. d. To persuade participants on an issue that is of low relevance to them, using just the central argument is sufficient.

Answer 46

c. If the issue was highly relevant to participants, they would be more easily persuaded if they were presented with strong arguments.

Question 47

Which of the following is not one of the three factors considered by the Yale Attitude Change approach? a. Nature of the audience b. Message source c. Fear d. Nature of the communication itself

Answer 47

c. Fear

Question 48

A group of middle-aged women are watching a newly released advertisement for a 100% lactose-free milk, Lala100, that features a smiling, muscle-packed Chris Evans shirtless at the beach. According to the elaboration likelihood model, who do you think would not be very convinced regarding the product being advertised? a. Carol, who only just came home from a long day at the office and is pretty exhausted b. Pam, who has majored in philosophy and enjoys reading about thought experiments c. Debbie, who’s watching the ad but keeps thinking about how her babysitter just texted her, informing that her children have flooded the kitchen floor d. All of the above.

Answer 48

b. Pam, who has majored in philosophy and enjoys reading about thought experiments

Question 49

The physical attractiveness of the source of a persuasive communication would be best described as which of the following? a. Systematic cue b. Central cue c. Peripheral cue d. Rational cue

Answer 49

c. Peripheral cue

Question 50

Your university is trying to discourage alcohol consumption on campus. In order to do so, the management kickstarts a campaign and distributes flyers consisting of fear-inducing images and accounts of various people who have suffered as a result of overdrinking (e.g., pictures of liver cancer patients, etc.). One semester later, the campaign is found to be ineffective. According to protection motivation theory, what is the most likely explanation for this failure? a. The images and accounts on the flyers were not as scary as the management intended it to be. b. One semester is too short a duration for the results to be effectively visible. c. The flyers did not give enough information, suggestions, and/or solutions to help reduce alcohol consumption. d. Images in the flyers should have been replaced with more concrete data regarding the negative effects of drinking.

Answer 50

c. The flyers did not give enough information, suggestions, and/or solutions to help reduce alcohol consumption.

Question 51

Briñol and Petty (2003) conducted a study in which participants tried on headphones while listening to a persuasive editorial. Half of the participants shook their heads side-to-side while listening; the other half nodded up-and-down while listening. Which group of participants expressed the greatest agreement with the arguments expressed in the editorial at the end of the study? a. The head-shakers who heard weak arguments in the editorial b. The head-shakers who heard strong arguments in the editorial c. The head-nodders who heard weak arguments in the editorial d. The head-nodders who heard strong arguments in the editorial

Answer 51

d. The head-nodders who heard strong arguments in the editorial

Question 52

___ ___ is a method used to make people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses (weak in quality) of the arguments against their position (counter-arguments).

Answer 52

Attitude inoculation

Question 53

___ ___ is the idea that when people feel their freedom to perform a certain behaviour is threatened, an unpleasant state of resistance is aroused, which they can reduce by performing the prohibited behaviour.

Answer 53

Reactance theory

Question 54

The concept of attitude inoculation indicates that we are better able to resist a later attempt to change our attitudes when we are first exposed to arguments that a. support our existing attitude. b. are weakened versions of arguments we might hear later. c. prevent us from considering alternative viewpoints ahead of time. d. lead us to pay more attention to peripheral cues.

Answer 54

b. are weakened versions of arguments we might hear later.

Question 55

Which of the following is true about reactance theory? a. People react more strongly if their cognitive freedom is threatened. b. People react more strongly if their affective freedom is threatened. c. People react more strongly if their behavioural freedom is threatened. d. None of the above.

Answer 55

c. People react more strongly if their behavioural freedom is threatened.

Question 56

All of the following are true about attitudes except one. Which one is false? a. Attitudes are related to our temperament and personality. b. Attitudes rarely change over time. c. Attitudes can be changed with persuasive communications. d. Under the right conditions attitudes predict people’s behaviour.

Answer 56

b. Attitudes rarely change over time.

Question 57

When is someone most likely to take the peripheral route to persuasion? a. When the issue is personally relevant. b. When they have a lot of knowledge about the domain. c. When they are distracted such that the message is difficult to understand. d. When they feel personally responsible for the outcome.

Answer 57

c. When they are distracted such that the message is difficult to understand.

Question 58

On a survey, Peter reports that he agrees with following a strict diet plan for a healthy lifestyle. According to the theory of planned behaviour, which of the following would be the best predictor of whether Peter will start following a diet plan the next day? a. He generally agrees that being healthy is important. b. His girlfriend, Tina, who is a nutritionist by profession, moves in with him. c. His attitude toward living a healthy lifestyle is not very accessible in his memory. d. He believes that it is hard to be disciplined and follow a strict diet plan

Answer 58

b. His girlfriend, Tina, who is a nutritionist by profession, moves in with him.

Question 59

People will be most likely to change their attitudes about smoking if an antismoking advertisement: a. uses extremely graphic pictures of how smoke can harm the body and warns of the risks of smoking. b. gives people subliminal messages about the risks of smoking as well as recommendations of how to quit. c. uses graphic pictures of the damages of smoking on the body and then provides specific recommendations on how to quit smoking. d. uses success stories of how people quit smoking.

Answer 59

c. uses graphic pictures of the damages of smoking on the body and then provides specific recommendations on how to quit smoking.

Question 60

Emilia would be most likely to pay attention to facts about the danger of AIDS during a school assembly and remember the facts for a long time if: a. the speaker emphasized statistical information about AIDS throughout the world. b. the speaker emphasized how the disease has spread in her community and there isn’t anything distracting Emilia from listening. c. the speaker emphasized how the disease has spread in her community and at the same time Emilia’s best friend is whispering to her about a big party that weekend. d. the speaker is a nationally known expert on AIDS.

Answer 60

b. the speaker emphasized how the disease has spread in her community and there isn’t anything distracting Emilia from listening.

Question 61

You are trying to sell a new electronic toothbrush at the airport to busy, distracted travellers. Which of the following strategies is least likely to be successful at getting people to buy a toothbrush? a. Make up a flier that gives convincing reasons why the toothbrush is so good. b. Make a large sign that says, “9 out of 10 dentists recommend this toothbrush!” c. Put up a large banner featuring a picture of your friend who looks like Brad Pitt posing with the toothbrush. d. Stop people and say, “Do you know that this is the toothbrush that is used the most by Hollywood stars?”

Answer 61

c. Put up a large banner featuring a picture of your friend who looks like Brad Pitt posing with the toothbrush.

Question 62

Under which of the following conditions would people be most likely to vote for a political candidate? They a. like the candidate’s policies but have negative feelings toward him or her. b. know little about the candidate’s policies but have positive feelings toward him or her. c. see subliminal ads supporting the candidate on national television. d. see television ads supporting the candidate while they are distracted by their children.

Answer 62

b. know little about the candidate’s policies but have positive feelings toward him or her.

Question 63

A company tries to flash a picture of their product at a speed too fast for it to be perceived consciously by you. What is this advertising strategy called? a. Rebellious advertising b. Flash advertising c. Subliminal advertising d. Conscious advertising

Answer 63

c. Subliminal advertising

Question 64

Lara is a teenager who often comes across very thin women in advertisements, magazines, and movies. Due to such kinds of media exposure, she is most likely to get the message that a. she should be concerned about her health and well-being. b. she must be thin to be beautiful. c. the media depicts unrealistically thin women. d. women can look thin from certain camera angles.

Answer 64

b. she must be thin to be beautiful.

Question 65

Which of the following techniques is most likely to help adolescents in resisting the powerful influence of peer pressure? a. Presenting a set of logical arguments b. Role-playing situations ahead of time c. Positive reinforcement d. Negative reinforcement

Answer 65

b. Role-playing situations ahead of time

Question 66

The ___ ___ test measures the speed with which people can pair a target face (e.g., Black or white, old or young, Asian or White) with positive or negative stimuli (e.g., the words honest or evil) reflecting unconscious (implicit) prejudices.

Answer 66

implicit association