week four Flashcards

1
Q

what form of contract did france v hight concern

A

a lease where hight is the landlord and france is the lessee

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2
Q

what did hight send to france detailing and confirming the terms of the agreement as per the meeting in france v hight

A

a letter on 17 october 1979

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3
Q

was a formal lease ever signed, as per the section 8 in the letter, in france v hight

A

no, it was never executed

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4
Q

what did the judge conclude regarding the lease in France v hight

A

there was a binding agreement to lease, as decided after the analysis of the words of that letter and in the context of the situation

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5
Q

what points were factors towards the letter being a binding agreement in France v Hight

A
  • the heading said ‘confirm the terms of our agreement’
  • the end part suggests there is a concluded agreement by wishing them every success in their venture
  • paragraph 6 or 7 contemplate the payment of money for the replanting to happen
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6
Q

what did Fletcher Challenge Energy v ECNZ 2002 concern

A

a negotiation for the long provision of gas supply

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7
Q

what was created in Fletcher Challenge Energy v ECNZ 2002 which was signed as agreed except where indicated (one clause said to be agreed and another two said not agreed)

A

the heads of agreement document

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8
Q

what was the question for the court in Fletcher Challenge Energy v ECNZ 2002

A

whether the heads of agreement document was a binding contract

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9
Q

what is outlined in Fletcher Challenge Energy v ECNZ 2002 as the first requirement for an interim contract

A

An intention to be immediately bound (at the point when the bargain is said to have been agreed)

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10
Q

what factors suggested the parties intended to be bound in Fletcher Challenge Energy v ECNZ 2002

A
  • earlier statement signed by the CEO’s
  • the fact the heads of agreement was a written document signed by both parties
  • the fact the ECNZ board did approve the agreement
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11
Q

what factors suggested the parties did not intend to be bound in Fletcher Challenge Energy v ECNZ 2002

A
  • the ‘non agreement’ of 3 clauses
  • the reasonable endevours to agree to a full sale and agreement part - full agreement still to come
  • parties signed the heads of agreement document as ‘agreed except where indicated’
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12
Q

what was the decision in Fletcher Challenge Energy v ECNZ 2002

A

the court decided they were not intending to be bound

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13
Q

what term did Oracle NZ v Price Waterhouse 2010 concern

A

“in principle”

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14
Q

what did the court have to decide in Oracle NZ v Price Waterhouse 2010

A

whether there was a contractual agreement or some sort of interim agreement

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15
Q

what quote did McKay J say about the term ‘in principle’ in Oracle NZ v Price Waterhouse 2010

A

“to regard an agreement in principle as binding would be to deprive the qualifying words “in principle” of any meaning at all”

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16
Q

what do interim agreements allow for

A

there is no point wasting resources to figure out the rest of the details if there isn’t any broad agreement

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17
Q

what is battle of the forms

A

where two parties are negotiating and each party has a set of standard terms

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18
Q

what is the problem with battles of the forms

A

where every time the two parties communicate they send their set of standard terms and conditions, both of which are different

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19
Q

what was the problem/situation in Butler Machine Tools Co v Ex-Cell-O Corporation 1979

A

Butler offered to supply a machine tool in a quotation (often an offer) and on the back of the quotation were there standard terms and conditions. One of which gave the seller the power to increase the price if their costs rose before the delivery date.

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20
Q

what was the offer, counter-offer and acceptance in Butler Machine Tools Co v Ex-Cello-O Corporation 1979

A

offer = quotation

counter-offer = purchase order sent on different terms (of conditions)

acceptance = signing and returning of the acknowledgement form

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21
Q

what does Lord Wilberforce say in New Zealand Shipping Co v A M Sattherthwaite 1974

A

that the standard approach looks for offer and acceptance in terms of agreement, and sometimes this means squeezing situations into this approach, where they don’t entirely fit

22
Q

what happened in Boulder Consolidated v Tangaere 1980

A

the vendors gave Mr Tangaere a list of 30 sections to choose from due to an issue with his first lot, including 4 available lots.

3 months later Mr Tangaere decided to take one of the 4 lots but it had already been sold

23
Q

what did Mr Tangaere argue in Boulder Consolidated v Tangaere 1980

A

that the written note alongside the correspondence constituted an offer and that when he said he decided to take one of them that was the acceptance

24
Q

what did the court hold in Boulder Consolidated v Tangaere 1980

A

the list was not an offer because this would have meant the seller had to keep all the lots available - it was only an indication of the lots available at the time

25
Q

what should you apply first in a problem before considering whether to apply a holistic approach

A

offer and acceptance

26
Q

what is an agent

A

an agent acts on behalf of their principal so as to effect legal relations with third parties

27
Q

what contract is formed when an agent enters into a contract

A

a contract between the principal and the third party

28
Q

who can enter into contracts/has contractual capacity

A

legal persons

29
Q

what are the two types of legal persons

A

natural persons + artificial persons (corporations that have the power to contract e.g. companies, UC, incorporated social enterprises)

30
Q

what happened in Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead 1968

A

HH injected funds into a company and Mr Richards, on behalf of Brayhead, indemnified HH on those funds.

31
Q

why was Mr Richards indemnifying Hely-Hutchinson controversial

A

because he had never actually been appointed to the chairman of Brayhead’s board of directors, but acted in that role anyways

32
Q

what are the two types of actual authority

A

express and implied

33
Q

what is implied actual authority of an agent

A

where someone is appointed to a particular role - if a company doesn’t say what the managing directors authority is, then the managing director will have whatever authority is usual for that type of company

34
Q

what is actual express authority

A

where I tell you to go do something for me

35
Q

what kind of authority did Richards have in Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead

A

express

36
Q

what are the contractual duties of an agent

A
  • to carry out instructions
  • to act within authority
  • to act with due care and skill
  • to act in principal’s interest
  • to account for money received
  • confidentiality
  • to make no secret profit
37
Q

what are the rights of agents

A
  • to receive a commission

- to be indemnified against liability

38
Q

is the agent also bound by the contract?

A

generally no

39
Q

where you communicate as acting as an agent, will the agent be bound by the contract they sign as an agent

A

generally no - you are binding someone else

40
Q

what is an undisclosed principal

A

where an agent does not reveal they are acting as an agent

41
Q

what happened in Freeman v Buckhurst Park Properties 1964

A

a director of a company was acting as a managing director but was not formally appointed.

This concerned him entering into contracts with third parties.

42
Q

what did Diplock LJ decide in Freeman v Buckhurst Park Properties 1964

A

there is something separate from actual authority, it is not based on the relationship between principal and agent. the basis for apparent authority is the principal holding out the agent as having authority to the third party.

43
Q

what does Siu Yin Kwan v Eastern Insurance Co 1994 set out

A

5 principles to do with agents and undisclosed principals

44
Q

in an auction, a bid is considered?

A

an offer

45
Q

in an online auction:

a listing is?

a bid is?

announcement that the bidding has closed is?

A

an invitation to treat

an offer

acceptance

46
Q

is formality, such as writing, required for an agency relationship to be created?

A

no

47
Q

what is actual authority

A

where the principal confers specific authority on the agent to bind the principal - it is express when given by express words or implied when it is inferred from the conduct of the parties and the circumstances of the case

48
Q

what is apparent/ostensible authority

A

authority of the agent as it appears to others

49
Q

the principal is not liable if a person acts as an agent without?

A

any authority

50
Q

a contract is not legally incomplete merely because consequential matters have been ?

A

omitted

51
Q

where the court decides parties had an intention to contract, they will do their best to?

A

give effect to their intention and if at all possible to uphold the contract despite any omissions or ambiguities

52
Q

the courts can fill gaps by implication, but only if?

A

there is such a skeleton of express terms combined with an intention to contract