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PSY224 - Behavioural & Cognitive Neuroscience (PART TWO) > Week Nine - Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Week Nine - Sensation & Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sensation?

A

The manner in which our sense organs receive information from the environment

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2
Q

What is Perception?

A

The manner by which people select, organise, and interpret sensations
- understanding a stimulus

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3
Q

What is Transduction?

A

The manner by which physical energy is converted into sensory neural impulses

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4
Q

What is the former sensory system organisation?

A

receptors > thalamus > primary sensory cortex > secondary sensory cortex > association cortex

COMPLETELY BOTTOM-UP APPROACH

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5
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

A thin sheet of cells covering the rest of the brain

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6
Q

How are cells organised in the neocortex?

A

Into 6 stereotypical layers.

The types of cells, their spatial arrangement and connections are pretty much the same in every part of the neocortex

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7
Q

What is the sensory organ and receptors for vision?

A

The eye
Rods and Cones
They transduce neural signals up the optic nerve

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8
Q

Explain the process in the primary visual pathway

A

retina - optic nerve - optic chiasm - thalamus - occipital lobe

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9
Q

Explain the process in the primary auditory pathway

A

auditory nerve - cochlear nuclei - superior olivary nuclei - inferior colliculus - medial geniculate - auditory cortex

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10
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

The gateway to the cortex (relay station)

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11
Q

What doesn’t pass through the thalamus?

A

Olfaction

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12
Q

What is a Multisensory Integration area?

A

The area in which information is assimilated from various individual sensory systems and coordinated

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13
Q

How does hearing occur?

A

It occurs via sound waves, which result from rapid changes in air pressure caused by vibrating objects

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14
Q

What is pitch? (amplitude)

A

Frequency of vibration measures in hertz

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15
Q

What is Loudness? (frequency)

A

Function of sound wave intensity

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16
Q

What does timbre do? (complexity)

A

Provides information about the nature or complexity of the sound

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17
Q

Where are primary auditory receptors located? What are they?

A

In the cochlea (inner ear)

They are tiny hair cells that convert sound energy to neural impulses and send them along to the primary auditory cortex

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18
Q

What is the route of transduction of auditory information?

A

cochlea > superior olives > colliculi > thalamus > primary auditory cortex

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19
Q

What is the external ear called?

A

The pinna

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20
Q

What is the name of the eardrum?

A

Tympanic membrane

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21
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

A hollow region between the eardrum and the cochlea, containing the ossicles

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22
Q

What are ossicles?

A

The middle ear bones (these vibrate from sound waves and transmit it to the inner ear)

  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
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23
Q

What is the Cochlea?

A

A snail-shaped structure of the inner ear containing the organ of corti

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24
Q

What is the Organ of Corti?

A

A sensory organ for the auditory system (the eye basically)

  • basilar membrane
  • hair cells
  • tectorial membrane
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25
Q

What does the stimulation of hair cells trigger?

A

Action potentials in the auditory nerve

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26
Q

What does the basilar membrane consist of?

A

A base and an apex

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27
Q

What do natural, low-frequency and high-frequency sounds do in the basilar membrane?

A 
natural = excite cells across the membrane
low = excite cells near the apex
high = excite cells near the base
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28
Q

What is the general process of how sound waves get in?

A

They vibrate the eardrum, which causes reactions in the bones then affecting the oval window, fluid moves around causing hair cells to bend in different ways depending on the soundwave

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29
Q

What is the secondary auditory cortex?

A

The superior temporal gyrus

30
Q

Auditory signals are conducted to what two areas of the association cortex?

A

Prefrontal cortex

Posterior parietal cortex

31
Q

What and Where pathway

A

Anterior Auditory Pathway more involved in identifying sounds (what) (front)

Posterior Auditory Pathway more involved in locating sounds (where) (back)

32
Q

What are Odorants?

A

Molecules that give off a smell (they bind to receptors in olfactory cilia)

33
Q

What are Glomerculi?

A

Clusters of convergent olfactory sensory neurons

34
Q

What is taste referred to as?

A

Gustation

35
Q

Where are taste receptors located?

A

Tongue and oral cavities in clusters of about 50

36
Q

What are the 4 primary tastes

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter

37
Q

What is the 5th taste?

A

Umami (meat or savoury)

38
Q

Explain the receptor information about salty and sour taste?

A

salty and sour do not have receptors, they merely just act on ion channels

39
Q

What is the process of gustation?

A

receptors (papillae) > solitary tract > thalamus > cortex

40
Q

What is the Somatosensory system composed of?

A

Three separate and interacting systems

Exteroceptive - external stimuli (touch, pressure, pain)
Proprioceptive - body position
Interoceptive - internal body conditions (eg temperature, blood pressure)

41
Q

What do Merkel’s Disks do?

A

Detect regular touch

42
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

Detect light touch

43
Q

Pacinian corpuscles?

A

Detect Deep pressure (gradual skin indentation)

44
Q

Ruffini corpuscles?

A

Detect temperature on the skin

45
Q

Nociceptors?

A

Detect pain

46
Q

What are the 2 major pathways in the Somatosensory system?

A

Dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system: Mainly touch and proprioception

Anterolateral System: Mainly pain and temperature

47
Q

What does the iris do?

A

Controls how much light enters the eye

48
Q

What is the pupil?

A

A hole where the light enters the eye

49
Q

What does the retina do?

A

Receives light that the lens has focussed and converts it into neural signals for the brain

50
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

Travels from the retina to the brain

51
Q

What is the fovea?

A

It is the central part of our eye responsible for acuity (sharpness of vision) and this is why we move our eyes

52
Q

What is the ‘blindspot’

A

A region of the retina that contains no rods or cones - therefore nothing to detect vision

53
Q

Where are our sensory receptors in the eye?

A

At the back - moves along the cells to the front of the eye via the optic nerve

54
Q

What are cones?

A

Photopic (daytime) vision. High acuity colour information in good lighting. Only found at the fovea

55
Q

What are rods?

A

Scotopic (night time) vision.

High sensitivity, allowing for low-acuity vision in dim light but lacks detail and colour

56
Q

Difference between ganglion cells for each cone and rod?

A 
Cone = 1:1
Rods = many rods for each ganglion cell
57
Q

How does vision reach the primary visual cortex?

A

Travels on optic nerve > reaches optic chiasm > crosses over to lateral geniculate (thalamus) > goes to primary visual cortex

58
Q

Explain the flow of visual information

A

Thalamic relay neurons > visual cortex (striate) > visual cortex (prestriate) > visual association cortex

59
Q

What happens to receptive fields as visual flows through the hierarchy?

A

They become larger and respond to more complex and specific stimuli

60
Q

What kind of cells do receptive fields have?

A

Simple cortical cells

Complex cortical cells

61
Q

Which part of the brain gets sensory input from all systems?

A

The superior colliculus

62
Q

What is found with those with Synesthesia?

A

Stronger white matter connectivity - more axons between sensory areas

63
Q

What is total deafness in humans caused by?

A
  1. Conductive deafness (damage to ossicles)

2. Nerve deafness (damage to cochlea)

64
Q

What does parietal cochlea damage result in?

A

Loss of hearing at particular frequencies

65
Q

What is Anosmia?

A

Inability to smell

Commonly caused by a blow to the head that damages olfactory nerves

66
Q

What is Ageusia?

A

Inability to taste (not common at all)

67
Q

What is Astereognosia?

A

Inability to recognise objects by touch

68
Q

What is Asomatognosia?

A

The failure to recognize parts of one’s own body

69
Q

What is a loss of colour vision called?

A

Achromatopsia - caused by bilateral damage to the occipital lobe in V4

70
Q

What is Akinetopsia?

A

Selective loss of motion perception (eg cant see moving cars)

71
Q

What is Scotomas?

A

Discrete regions of blindness

72
Q

What is neglect syndrome?

A

Involuntary failure to attend to sensory stimuli presented in the side of space opposite to the site of brain injury (eg only shaving one side of your face)

PSY224 - Behavioural & Cognitive Neuroscience (PART TWO) (8 decks)

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