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Bio 1109 > Week One > Flashcards

Week One Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do covalent bonds form between atoms

A

both atoms become more stable together by sharing electrons to obtain full outer valence shells

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2
Q

Organic molecules such as carbohydrates and lipids are composed of _____ bonds, which involve _____

A

covalent / sharing of electrons

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3
Q

the small repeating units found in many biological molecules are called

A

monomers

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4
Q

an unknown organic compound contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and that there is twice as many hydrogen as either carbon or oxygen. This compound is likely a

A

fatty acid

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5
Q

what is a property of lipids containing unsaturated fatty acids?

A

fatty acid chains have bends in them

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6
Q

which of the following is an example of the biological importance of water to humans?

a) water is used to produce oxygen needed by the tissues?
b) the high boiling point of water is important due to body temp
c) hydrogen bonds help hold the phospholipid membrane together
d) energy is needed to break apart the hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule, meaning that water is an effective means of cooling the body
e) water is needed for hydrolysis, chemical reactions that break apart larger molecules

A

e) water is needed for hydrolysis, chemical reactions that break apart larger molecules

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7
Q

one third of all body fluids is ____

a) are extracellular
b) are in blood plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluids
c) are intracellular
d) are in cytosol
e) b and c

A

b.) are in blood plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluids

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8
Q

many important substances in our body can be carried in solution (eg. blood) because of which property of water?

A

universal solvent

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9
Q

which of the following is tru regarding ATP?

a) ATP can only be used once and is destroyed after use
b) it transfers energy through phosphorylation (“giving” the third high energy phosphate group to another molecule)
c) after transferring energy the molecule becomes adenosine monophosphate
d) ATP is a type of amino acid
e) both A and B

A

b) it transfers energy through phosphorylation (“giving” the third high energy phosphate group to another molecule)

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10
Q

Which of the 3 subatomic particles is responsible for:
I) Element identity and atomic number?
II) chemical bonding and polarity?

A

I) Protons
II) electrons

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11
Q

four most common elements in the human body

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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12
Q

Levels of structural organization for life

A

Atoms > molecules > organelles > cell > tissue > organ

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13
Q

what is an atom

A

The smallest unit of an element that still retains all the
physical & chemical properties of that element.

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14
Q

Atomic Number determines how many ____ and _____
Atomic Mass determines mass of ____, _____, & ______

A

Atomic number determines how many protons and electrons
Atomic Mass determines mass of protons, electrons and neutrons

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15
Q

what is a molecule vs a compound

A

Substance formed by 2 or >2 atoms joined
together by chemical bonds is a molecule.
Substance that contains atoms from 2 or more
different elements.

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16
Q

unequal sharing of electrons =
equal sharing of electrons =

A

polar covalent bonds
non polar covalent bonds

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17
Q

Inorganic Compounds are compounds that lack _____
whilst organic compounds are compounds that always contain ____

A

carbon

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18
Q

the types of important organic compounds

A

carbohydrates like glucose and glycogen, lipids like steroids and phospholipids, proteins like hemoglobin, enzymes and actin/myosin

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19
Q

is water polar or non polar

A

polar

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20
Q

what kind of bond does water form

A

hydrogen bonds

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21
Q

whats the distribution of water in a male

A

1/3 Extracellular Fluid (ECF) (80% Interstitial Fluid) (20% plasma)
2/3 Intracellular fluid

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22
Q

five functional groups of carbon

A

methyl (H-C-H)
H
carboxyl (C-OH), amine (NH2), and phosphate

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23
Q

Saturated fatty acid vs unsaturated fatty acid

A

Single covalent bonds between
carbon atoms vs Single + at least one double covalent
bond between carbon atoms.

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24
Q

are fatty acids polar or non polar?

A

they are non polar due to the fact that they share electrons equally

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25
hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
hydrophobic meaning doesnt mix with water, hydrophilic meaning can mix with water
26
what is metabolism?
metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell or organism
27
what is anabolism?
a chemical reaction that combines simple molecules into complex structures
28
what is catabolism?
a chemical reaction that breaks down complex structures into simple molecules
29
what are stem cells?
stem cells are specialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cells that can replace damaged cells of body tissues
30
what is the structure and function of the Rough ER
the Rough ER has ribosomes on the outer surface. the main function of the rough ER is the synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins
31
what is the structure and function of smooth ER
The smooth ER doesn't have ribosomes, and its main function is to make and process lipids and hormones. Also helps break down toxins
32
what is the structure of ribosomes, its function and where are they found
they're made up of rRNA, makes proteins and is located on the Rough ER, and inside the mitochondria
33
whats the main function of the golgi apparatus
organizes, sorts, and tags proteins/lipids
34
what is the structure and function of lysosomes
they're vesicles and they're main function is enzymatic digestion of substances
35
what types of transport are passive? and how do they move through the concentration gradient?
simple diffusion, facilitated, and osmosis. down the gradient, from high to low concentration
36
what types of transport require energy? and how do they move through the concentration gradient?
active transport, endocytosis: pinocytosis and phagocytosis, and exocytosis. against the concentration gradient, from low to high concentration
37
whats the difference between facilitated and simple diffusion?
simple diffusion transports simple molecules/ions through the membrane. facilitated requires a channel protein that transports bigger molecules like K+ (potassium) and glucose
38
what is the difference between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic
Isotonic is when two solutions have the same concentration of solutes. Hypertonic is when a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution. (eg red blood cell would dry out) Hypotonic is when a solution has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution. (eg red blood cell would explode as theres too much water)
39
what is active transport and what are some examples of active transport
active transport is the movement of small molecules across a selective-permeable membrane against the concentration gradient. some examples are Na+ (Sodium) / K+ (Potassium) pump
40
difference between exocytosis and endocytosis
Exocytosis takes substances out of cells via vesicles, and secretes hormones, neurotransmitters and mucus Endocytosis has two types. Pinocytosis and phagocytosis. They bring in substances via vesicles.
41
main characteristics of epithelial tissue
lines and covers other tissues cells are tightly packed together little ECM Avascular typically joining connective tissue
42
main functions of epithelial tissue
Selective barrier for exchanges of substances EG) - Lining of small intestine that absorbs digested food - Lining of alveoli in lungs that exchanges gases Physical protection EG) - Protect underlying tissues from UV light, abrasion, corrosion, waterloss, pathogens Secretion of cellular substances eg) - Mucus produced by goblet cells in epithelial lining of airways, digestivetract and skin
43
example of simple squamous epithelial tissue and function
Mesothelium Lining Body Cavity Reduce friction, exchange of materials (via filtration, secretion, diffusion)
44
example of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue and its function
kidney tubules Secretion and absorption of materials
45
example of simple columnar epithelial tissue
lining of small intestine Secretion and absorption of materials, ciliated cells move substances, limited protection
46
example of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
lining of the vag aha Protect underlying tissues
47
example of the stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue
the duct of the esophageal gland Physical protection, secretion and absorption of materials
48
example of stratified columnar epithelial tissue
lining of the pharynx Physical protection, secretion and absorption of materials
49
general characteristics of connective tissue
Abundant and widely distributed - Loosely arranged cells (various cell types) - Rich and extensive ECM with fibers - Usually vascular (blood vessels) and innervated (nerve fibers)
50
general functions of connective tissue
- Structural support - Connect other tissue types - transport of substances - insulation - storage of energy reserves
51
what are the 3 types of loose connective tissue (proper)
- areolar - adipose - reticular
52
what are the 2 types of dense connective (proper)
regular elastic irregular elastic
53
what are the 3 types of supportive connective tissue for cartilage
- hyaline - fibro cartilage - elastic
54
what are the types of supportive connective tissue for bones
compact and cancellous
55
what is found in hyaline cartilage
chondrocytes and lacunae
56
where is hyaline cartilage found
Rib cage, nose, ends of bones at joints, ends of growing long bones
57
is blood under loose or dense connective tissue
loose
58
is lymph under loose or dense connective tissue
dense
59
characteristics of blood
▪Liquid extracellular matrix ▪Erythrocytes (red blood cells) ▪White blood cells ▪Platelets ▪Transport nutrients, hormones, salts, wastes, gases
60
what're the 3 types of muscle tissue and are they involuntary or voluntary
smooth (involuntary), cardiac (involuntary) and skeletal (voluntary)
61
whats the structure and where are the locations of each muscle tissue
smooth is non striated and is located in the Walls of blood vessels, airways, digestive tract, cardiac is striated and located in the walls of the heart and skeletal is also striated and located in the Flesh of body attached to bones via tendons
62
what're the 2 major parts of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
63
what does the Central nervous system control?
Brain and Spinal Cord
64
what does the Peripheral nervous system control
Cranial nerves and associated structures Spinal nerves and associated structures
65
what're the 11 major body systems of the body?
Nervous, Integumentary, Skeletal (joints and bones), muscular, lymphatic, cardiovascular, endocrine, urinary and digestive
66
what is homeostasis
The condition in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively constant.
67
what is extracellular fluid?
fluid outside of the cell including interstitial fluid, plasma and lymph fluid
68
what're the conditions maintained by homeostasis
optimal body temp, proper concentrations of water, salts, gases and nutrients, optimal pressures of gases and blood pressure
69
what is stress?
any stimulus that causes an imbalance in the internal environment. Temporary: Change in composition of air Prolonged: Infections From internal source: Change in blood pressure (hemorrhage) Change in levels of nutrients (increase or decrease in blood glucose levels) From external source: Lack of O2 (high altitudes) Excess heat (desert) or cold (Arctic)
70
what're the 5 steps of a feedback loop
stimulus>receptors>control centre>effectors>response
71
example of a negative feed back loop
control of blood pressure stimulus ( increase in blood pressure) -> receptors (baroreceptors) (stretch receptors detect change) -> control centre (integration of message in brainstem) -> effectors (heart, & blood vessels) (Decrease in heart rate Vasodilation) -> response (decrease in blood pressure)
72
example of positive feed back loop
child birth stimulus (stretching of cervix) (Contraction of uterine walls, forces baby through cervix) -> receptors (stretch receptors in cervix) (Detect change) -> control centre -> effectors (More forceful contractions) -> response (Stretching of cervix)
73
what is the difference between the efferent system and the afferent system
the efferent system carries electrical impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands (motor neurons) vs the afferent system which carries electrical impulses towards the CNS from receptors (sensory neurons)
74
what're the two branches of the efferent system -> and what're the branches off of that
somatic and autonomic autonomic -> parasympathetic (rest and digest) and sympathetic (fight or flight)
75
structure of a motor neuron
Axon: - Single long process - Conduct impulses away from cell body Cell body: - Contains nucleus - Holds the majority of the cellular organelles Dendrite: - Short, branched processes - Conduct impulses toward the cell body
76
whats the structure and function of a Myelin Sheath
- White phospholipid (fatty) coating around axons - Formed from oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells - Function: increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction
77
what system do sensory neurons belong to
afferent system
78
structure and function of sensory neurons
messages sent to the central nervous system (afferent=arriving) most are unipolar (single process, axon or dendrite, attached to cell body) Outside body: Sight, touch, smell, taste, hearing Inside body: mechanical: stretch, chemical: ions
79
function of a motor neuron
messages sent away from the central nervous system (efferent=exiting) to muscles and glands Most are multipolar (many processes, axons or dendrites, attached to cell body) * Contraction of all 3 muscle types: Skeletal – to move the skeleton Smooth – move food along digestive system Cardiac – HR increasing during exercise * Control of sudoriferous glands to lower body temperature
80
whats inside the CNS
Nucleus = groups of neuron cell bodies (gray matter) Tract* = bundle of axons with the same origin, function White matter = group of tracts (white due to the myelin sheaths covering the axons)
81
whats outside the CNS (inside the PNS)
Ganglion (ganglia, plural) = groups of neuron cell bodies (gray matter) Nerve* = bundle of axons and/or dendrites, but not cell bodies (white matter)
82
Where is gray and white matter
Brain: gray outside, white inside Spinal cord: white outside, grey inside
83
name the cranial nerves hint: Oh, Oh, Oh, To Take A Family Vacation, Go Vegas And Hawaii!
I - Olfactory nerve (Sensory) II - Optic nerve (Sensory) III - Oculomotor nerve (Motor) IV - Trochlear nerve (Motor) V - Trigeminal nerve (Both/Mixed) VI - Abducens nerve (Motor) VII - Facial nerve (Both/Mixed) VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve (Both/Mixed) IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve (Both/Mixed) X - Vagus nerve (Both/Mixed) XI - Accessory nerve (Motor) XII - Hypoglossal nerve (Motor)
84
function of the cerebrum
- interpretation of sensory information - Intellectual and emotional processing, memory - Motor function: controls muscular movements - Corpus callosum: pathway of communication between two hemispheres
85
function of the thalamus
- Receives, organizes and passes on sensory information (e.g., pain, temperature, light touch, pressure) i.e., afferent transmissions * Associated with the interpretation of pain and pleasure * Memory processing * Regulate emotion
86
function of the hypothalamus
- Controls function of endocrine system (via hormones) - Controls production of many hormones by acting on the pituitary gland - Controls autonomic nervous system (involuntary transmissions from the central nervous system) e.g., heart rate, body temperature, movement of food, appetite, thirst, sleep
87
wheres the brain stem and what is it's functions
The section between the brain and spinal cord * Controls automatic behaviours necessary for survival * A pathway for axons Divided into three parts: - Midbrain - Pons - Medulla oblongata
88
what is the midbrain
Reflex center for head and eye movements in response to sight and sounds
89
what is the pons
Relays info from cerebrum to cerebellum * All sensory fibers to cerebral cortex and motor fibers to spinal cord pass through it * Helps regulate breathing rate and depth (contains pneumotaxic centre)
90
medulla oblongata
Pathway for motor and sensory impulses from brain → spinal cord * Crossover of motor fibres (i.e., damage to the left motor nerves causes right-sided paralysis) * Regulates reflexes: swallowing, sneezing, and vomiting 3 vital centres: 1) Cardiac center: regulates heart rate 2) Respiratory center: regulates rate and depth of breathing 3) Vasomotor center: regulates blood pressure
91
whats the cerebellum
Posterior surface of brain stem * Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction (coordination, smooth movements) * Maintains posture * Maintains equilibrium using sensory input from inner ear (balance)
92
what're the spinal chord functions?
1.) Carries Information * Sensory impulses from periphery to brain * Motor impulses from brain to periphery 2. Integrating Reflexes * Reflex centres (faster response to a stimulus) Passes nerve impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons (instead of going up to the brain and back down)
93
what is a reflex arc?
Fast, automatic, unplanned sequence of actions in response to a stimulus * A stereotyped response to a stimulus * Important defense mechanism * Brain not involved immediately
94
what're the functions of the autonomic nervous system
* Transmits impulses from central nervous system to smooth and cardiac muscle, organs, glands * Regulates visceral activities * Involuntary * 2 divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic * Organs receive impulses from both divisions
95
what is the sympathetic division
Emergency systems (“fight or flight”) * Adrenaline starts to flow in circulatory system * ↑ heart rate * ↑ blood pressure * Sudoriferous glands become active * ↓ peristalsis and digestive juice secretion * Blood vessels dilate to skeletal muscles * Piloerection * Bronchodilation to allow more air exchange * Pupil dilation to increase visual information * Inhibits micturition and defecation
96
what stimulates a sympathetic response? *the 4 E's*
- Emotions - Excitement - Embarrassment - Exercise
97
what is parasympathetic
Normal conditions (“rest and digest”) ↓ heart rate ↑ peristalsis and digestive juice secretion Bronchoconstriction, breathing return to normal Pupil constriction Promotes micturition and defecation
97
what stimulates a parasympathetic response? *the 3 D's*
* Diuresis * Defecation * Digestion
98
what is action potential?
- Mechanism by which an electrical impulse travels along the membrane of a nerve - During an action potential, there is a temporary reversal of charge across a segment of the membrane - Inside of membrane becomes positively charged, outside becomes negatively charged

Bio 1109 (5 decks)

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