Week One - Intro Flashcards
(17 cards)
What is the predominant cation and anion in ECF.
Cation - sodium
Anion - chloride but also potassium
There are 60L of water in average person, how is this split between ECF and intracellular spaces as a ratio?
1:2.5
What is the glomerular filtration rate?
The rate at which water and small molecules is driven out of the afferent arterioles and out of the plasma at a rate of 125ml/min = 180l per day
= the ultrafiltrate
At what vertebral height are the kidneys at?
T11 on the left, t12 on the right due to the liver
What are the four functions of the kidney?
Regulation, endocrine (secretes renin) , metabolism (active form of vit d - 2nd hydroxy, catabolism of insulin, Pth, calcitonin), excretion
What are the concentrations of the different ions inside and outside the cell?
Intracellular Extracellular
Na+ 10 145
K+ 160 4.5
Cl- 3 114
A- 167 40
What is anterior to the left and to the right kidney?
Left - stomach, pancreas, spleen, suprarenal glands, jejunum, left colic flexure
Right - suprarenal, liver, duodenum, right colic flexure
What is posterior to the left and the right kidneys?
Left - diaphragm, 11th and 12th rib, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, 3 nerves: sub costal, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal.
What are the outer 4 layers of the kidney from superficial to deep?
Pararenal fat - posterolateral
Renal fascia - encloses kidney and adrenal glands
Perineal fat
Renal capsule - tough fibrous capsule
Which renal artery is longer?
Right, passes posterior to IVC
How does the renal artery split?
Renal - segmental - interlobar (either side of pyramids) - arcuate - interlobular (90^ to arcuate and pass through cortex) - afferent arterioles - form capillary network called the glomerulus - efferent arterioles.
Where are the peritubules?
In the outer two thirds of the cortex, formed by the efferent arterioles - supply the nephron tubules with oxygen and nutrients.
What are the vasa recta?
They supply the inner third of the cortex and the medulla - long straight arteries.
Describe the anatomical course of the ureters
Renal pelvis - ureteropelvic junction (now known as ureter) - anterior surface of psoas major (they are reteroperitineal structures) - cross pelvic brim at sacroiliac joint - cross bifurcation of common iliac arteries - run down lateral pelvic wall - at level of ischial spine they turn anteromedially in transverse plane to bladder - pierce bladder in oblique manner = valve
In females, what structure are at risk during surgery involving ureters?
At pelvic brim they are close to ovaries
2cm superior to ischial spine the ureters run underneath uterine artery - hysterectomy - “water under the bridge”
In males - when are ureters at risk in surgery?
Vas deferens cross ureters anteriorly
How much ECF is there in the average person? How much is in the interstitial fluid and how much is in the circulating plasma?
15L
12L in interstitial
3L in plasma
