Week Twelve - Bilingualism & Language in the Digital Age Flashcards
Bilingualism?
Fluency in two languages, however fluency is asymmetric
Bilingualism can be?
productive or receptive
simultaneous, early sequential, or late sequential
Bilinguals may show early?
language mixing eg morphology and word order and code switching (switching between 2)
(most disappear with age)
Why do people code switch?
Error To fit in with others around them Integrate ourselves Speak in secret Convey thought
How many hrs do children need of lang exposure to acquire active productive skill?
20 hours a week
Costs of bilingualism?
Slight deficit in cog processing and WM in tasks done in L2; slightly slower reading rate
Benefits of bilingualism?
Better metalinguistic awareness, more cog flexibility, more verbal fluency
Separate lexicons in bilingualism?
Separate store model suggests repetition priming is bigger and longer-lasting within languages than between languages
Shared lexicon in bilingualism? (common store model)
Common store model proposes that semantic priming produces facilitation between languages (l1 lexicon and l2 lexicon words are directly connected)
Bilingual language processing
suggests L1 and L2 lexicons are connected at a semantic level.
Separate stores for abstract and other words
Common store for concrete words, cognates
Forward and Backward translation?
FORWARD: Conceptual mediation = access words meaning to translate it (semantic factors have big effect)
BACKWARD: word association = use direct links between items in lexicon (no effect of semantic factors)
Why is it more difficult to learn L2?
critical period for syntax
less time/motivation
similarities and differences between l1 and l2
Contrasive hypothesis?
learner with have most difficulty where L1 and L2 differ
U-shaped curve?
Restructuring begins after a while, simpler internal representations replaced by more complex ones eg rote-learning and then use of syntactic rules
Traditional method of teaching L2
direct L1-L2 translations eg this means this in …
Direct method of teaching L2
all teaching in l2, focus on conversation
Audiolingual method of teaching L2
emphasise speaking and listening more than reading and writing
Immersion method of teaching L2
class taught exclusively in L2
Submersion method of teaching L2
Learner surrounded by only L2
Language learning vs language acquisition (Krashen 1982)
LL = emphasis on explicit knowledge
LA = emphasis on implicit knowledge
(more emphasis on LA to succeed)
Krashen’s Monitor Model
- acquisition and learning distinction
- natural order in acquisition
- monitoring
- comprehension input
- active filter
four factors useful in learning L2 (Carroll 1981)
phonological coding grammatical sensitivity rote-learning ability inductive learning skill (WM and Motivation helps)
How can we make it easier to learn L2?
immersion, less is more, practice, time to be silent, listening/talking to native speakers
Importance of errors?
Errors = progress
learning = re-organising knowledge
errors + knowledge = better outcomes than just pre-teaching rule and pre-empting errors
