WEEK X (Veins)

Question 1

__________ have little tone and resistance

Answer 1

Venules

Question 2

What is Venuloarteriolar signalling important for?

Answer 2

Extensive communication through chemical signals between venues and nearby arterioles is crucial for matching capillary inflow and outflow within an organ

Question 3

What are the functions of veins?

Answer 3

• Low-resistance pathways for blood return from tissues to the heart
• Blood reservoir

Question 4

Describe the structure of veins

Answer 4

• LARGE RADIUS -> minimal resistance to flow
• THINNER WALLS & LESS SMOOTH MUSCLE
• LITTLE MYOGENIC TONE
• DISTENSIBLE & STRETCHABLE -> minimal elastic recoil

Question 5

What happens to the total cross-sectional area of the Venous system?

Answer 5

Gradually decreases as smaller veins converge into larger vessels -> causes blood flow to speed up as it approaches the heart

Question 6

What happens during period of rest when capillary beds are closed?

Answer 6

Capacity of the venous reservoir increases

Extra blood bypasses the closed capillaries and enters the veins, stretching them -> Blood moves forward MORE SLOWLY due to INCREASED CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA -> Slower transit time leads to the storage of extra volume of blood as it takes longer to reach the heart for pumping

Question 7

What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Answer 7

If too much blood pools in the veins instead of being returned to the heart cardiac output is abnormally diminished

Question 8

What happens during exercise/when stored blood is needed?

Answer 8

Extrinsic factors reduce the capacity of the venous reservoir -> Reduced capacity drives the extra blood from the veins to the heart for pumping to the tissues

Question 9

What does Venous capacity depend on?

Answer 9

• Distensibility of vein walls
• Externally applied pressure on the veins

Question 10

What do increased and decreased venous capacity lead to?

Answer 10

Increased venous capacity = more blood remaining in the veins, decreasing the effective circulating blood volume

Decreased venous capacity = more blood to be returned to the heart and subsequently pumped out

Question 11

How does blood move despite low blood pressure in the veins?

Answer 11

A small bur adequate driving pressure exists due to the near-zero atrial pressure promoting blood floe through the large-radius, low-resistance veins

Question 12

What enhances venous return?

Answer 12

• Sympathetic-induced venous constriction
• Skeletal muscle pump
• Venous valves
• Respiratory pump
• Cardiac suction

Question 13

What is Capacitance?

Answer 13

Capacitance describes the distensibility of blood and how volume changes in response to a change in pressure

Question 14

What is the equation for determining Capacitance and explain it?

Answer 14

C = V/P

C = Capacitance/Compliance (mL/mm Hg)
V = Volume (mL)
P = Pressure (mm Hg)

Capacitance is directly proportional to volume and inversely proportional to pressure

Question 15

What are the properties of Capacitance?

Answer 15

• Inversely proportional to ELASTANCE/STIFFNESS -> The greater the amount of elastic tissue there is in a blood vessel, the higher the elastance is and the lower the compliance is
• Much greater for veins than for arteries -> More blood volume is contained in veins (UNSTRESSED VOLUME) than in arteries (STRESSED VOLUME)
• Capacitance of arteries decreases with age
  [person ages -> arteries become stiffer -> less distensible]

Question 16

What happens when veins are sympathetically stimulated?

Answer 16

Venous vasoconstriction -> Elevates venous pressure -> Increases the pressure gradient for enhanced venous return -> Increased cardiac output (CO)

Question 17

What is the difference between Arteriolar vasoconstriction and Venous vasoconstriction?

Answer 17

Arteriolar vasoconstriction = reduces flow immediately due to increased resistance

Venous vasoconstriction = increases flow immediately by decreasing venous capacity and squeezing out more blood from the veins

Question 18

Describe the Skeletal muscle pump

Answer 18

Large veins in the extremities are situated between skeletal muscles -> Muscle contraction compresses the veins externally -> Reduces VENOUS CAPACITY and increases VENOUS PRESSURE -> Propels blood in veins towards the heart

Question 19

What happens when a person stands?

Answer 19

The blood in the vessels below heart level is subjected to increased pressure due to the gravitational force acting on the blood column

Question 20

What effects does the increased pressure resulting from gravitational effects have?

Answer 20

• Vein distensibility and increased capacity
• Fluid filtration and localised oedema

Question 21

Describe Vein distensibility and increased capacity

Answer 21

Under increased hydrostatic pressure, DISTENSIBLE VEINS expand increasing their capacity -> Veins undergo significant expansion -> allows blood from capillaries to collect in EXPANDED VEINS of the lower legs instead of being efficiently returned to the heart -> VENOUS RETURN is reduced which increases cardiac output and a shrinking of the effective circulating volume

Question 22

Describe Fluid filtration and localised oedema

Answer 22

The increased hydrostatic pressure promotes fluid leakage out of capillaries into interstitial spaces -> Swelling and oedema in areas of the body affected by gravity

Question 23

What happens when Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) drops when a person stands up?

Answer 23

• Sympathetically induced vasoconstriction (drives pooled blood forward)
• Skeletal muscle pump activity interrupts the column of blood by emptying specific vein segments (prevents weight of the entire venous column from affecting a particular portion of a vein)

Question 24

What does fainting do?

Answer 24

Fainting is a response to the reduced blood flow to the brain which returns the person to a horizontal position, eliminating gravitational effects and restoring effective circulation

Question 25

What are the functions of Venous valves?

Answer 25

• Prevent backflow
• Temporarily support portions of the blood column when skeletal muscles are relaxed
  [maintain blood flow to heart during muscle inactivity]

Question 26

What condition happens when venous valves become incompetent?

Answer 26

Varicose veins

This leads to the veins’ inability to support the column of blood above them

Question 27

What can predispose varicose veins?

Answer 27

• Overdistensibility and weakness of the vein walls
• Frequent and prolonged standing -> stretches veins and causes blood pooling

Question 28

Chronic pooling of blood in varicose veins reduces cardiac output (TRUE/FALSE)

Answer 28

FALSE

Compensatory increase in total circulating blood volume prevents reduction of cardiac output

Question 29

What is the most significant risk associated with Varicose veins?

Answer 29

Potential for abnormal clot formation in stagnant, pooled blood -> Blood clots can dislodge and block small vessels elsewhere ion the body -> Blockage in pulmonary capillaries is dangerous (PULMONARY EMBOLISM)

Question 30

Describe the Respiratory pump

Answer 30

Pressure within CHEST CAVITY is lower than atmospheric pressure and pressure at lower veins is at atmospheric pressure -> Pressure gradient established -> Pressure difference aids in pushing blood from the lower veins to the chest veins, facilitating venous return

Question 31

Describe how the heart functions as a “suction pump” during its contraction and relaxation phases to promote cardiac filling and enhance venous return

Answer 31

During ventricular contraction, ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) valves are drawn downward enlarging atrial cavities -> Decrease in ATRIAL PRESSURE increases pressure gradient between veins and atria, enhancing venous return -> Expansion of VENTRICULAR CHAMBERS during ventricular relaxation creates a -ve pressure in ventricles -> -ve pressure acts as a suction force, facilitating venous return