Week.13.Pesticides,Pesticide Management, Equipment, Laws & Regulations. Flashcards
(35 cards)
In 2009 over 544,000,000 lbs. of pesticides were produced. It is estimated that ____ lbs. of pesticides are used annually in the USA and 5.6 billion lbs. are used worldwide.
1 billion lbs.
Conventional insecticide disadvantages include (4)…
-Pest resistance, and decreasing effectiveness with use.
-Pest resurgence.
-Pest replacement.
-Negative impact on non target species like honeybees, fish, and other wildlife.
-The goal of IPM is to use insecticides as last alternative, and to obtain maximum benefits with minimal risks.
-It is important to understand these chemicals to be able to meet these goals.
Pesticides Include (5)….
-Insecticides.
-Herbicides.
-Acaricides.
-Fungicides.
-Nematicides.
Formal process by which insecticides are named. Insecticides are designated by three names: (3)
-The approved common name.
-The trade name.
-The chemical name.
In the United States the common name for insecticides is selected by the _____ ___ of America and approved by the American National Standards Institute.
Entomological Society
The insecticide trade name is the proprietary name or brand name, given by the ____ or ____ (Registered trademark). More than one manufacturer may hold patent rights to a compound.
manufacturer or formulator
-The chemical name provides a description of the insecticide structure. Represent the composition of the chemical compounds.
:)
Stomach poisons enter the insect through the ___and are fatal only if eaten. (Boric Acid)
gut
_____ insecticides are taken up or translocated within plants or animals. Insects feeding on protected host ingest the chemical and are killed. Systemic insecticides mostly kill piercing sucking insects.
Systemic insecticides
___ insecticides affect piercing sucking insects because they receive a greater dose than chewing insects feeding on the same plant.
Systemic insecticides
____ poisons are the major group of modern insecticides. They usually enter the body when the insect walks or crawls over a treated area. Insecticide usually absorbed through the body wall.
Contact poisons
____ are insecticides that become gasses at temperature above 5 C.
Fumigants
Insecticides are classified Organic or Inorganic.
Most modern insecticides are organic, and they are further subdivided between natural and synthetic.
Natural insecticides are produced by refining natural substances. These consist mainly of botanical insecticides made of plants and mineral oils derived from petroleum.
Most chemicals used today are synthetic.
The most precise method of grouping insecticides is according to their chemical makeup (active ingredient). There are 3 major classes: (3)
-Organophosphates.
-Carbamates.
-Pyrethroids.
________ are derived from phosphoric acid and are some of the most toxic insecticides. They are cholinesterase inhibitors. Antagonizes nervous systems.
Organophosphates
Organophosphates use has declined significantly since the ___s.
80’s.
____ is derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium. Pyrethroids are synthetics resembling pyrethrum.
Pyrethrum
-Pyrethrum are highly toxic to insects in low rates. There is less recovery of insect compared to the natural product.
-Fastest developing group of modern insecticides.
______
()Break down more slowly than the natural compound.
()They are effective on plant foliage for 4-7 days.
()They are more affordable.
()Their mode of effect is blocking the sodium channel in the axons of the nerves.
Pyrethroids
-In general, Pyrethroid insecticides are broad spectrum and will affect both beneficial and non beneficial organism. Many of the products used today are in this category.
-Fourth generation pyrethroids are more potent than third generation. Their application rates is one tenth of the third-generation product with equal effectiveness. Research is continued to be done in this category of pesticide.
_____
()Broad spectrum insecticides and nematicide. Inhibitors of cholinesterase.
()Derived from carbamic acid.
()Toxic to Hymenoptera (pollinator and parasitoids), birds and humans.
()Mostly used in fruit production as a plant systemic. (Carbofuran, Furadane).
()Are restricted use pesticides.
Carbamates
_____
()Relatively new class of synthetic insecticides.
()Resemble natural nicotine.
()The class has been represented by the compound Imidaclopird.
()A systemic and contact insecticide with primary activity on piercing-sucking insects such as aphids, leafhoppers, thrips and whitefly.
()Its mode of action is quite different from many conventional insecticides.
Neonicotinoids
