Week.9. Nematodes & Mollusks Flashcards

1
Q

______ Are:

-Unsegmented roundworms.

-Feed on bacteria, fungi, vertebrates & invertebrates.

-Some are beneficial because they kill pest insects or other plant parasitic nematodes.

A

Nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Plant feeding nematodes develop through six stages:

A

Eggs, Four juvenile stages, Adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Many _____ can develop from eggs to egg laying adults in 3-4 weeks when soils are warm.

A

Nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_______ require moist environments to feed and reproduce.

A

Nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

During adverse conditions such as dry soil, cold temperatures, or lack of host, some species of _______ develop resistance to drying out and become inactive.

A

Nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dormant ______ can survive a year or more dormant.

A

Nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Signs of ______ include:

-General Decline of plant.
-Yellowing of leaves.
-Darkened roots with lesions.
-Root galls, stubby, or stunted proliferated roots.

A

Nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

For ____ diagnosis, cut open any galls and use hand lens or microscope to examine for the presence of pinhead-sized shiny white females. For confirmation send root and soil to laboratory.

A

Root-knot nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

For ____ initial diagnosis, tear symptomatic tissue into small pieces ad place in a glass dish. Add enough water to immerse the plant tissue, an them cover the dish to reduce evaporation. After 24 hours inspect water under strong light using a 10x lens or higher magnification. Nematodes appear as tiny strands moving in the water.

A

Foliar Nematode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nematodes are difficult to manage because in most situations you cannot directly reduce their numbers. Most of the practical methods of management are preventative. AND…

A

-Good sanitation practices.
-Grow plants that are resistant to nematodes (or not susceptible)
-Provide good cultural care and appropriate growing conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Soil or runoff with ____ will transfer them to your plant.

A

Nematodes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

To avoid spread of _____
-Sanitize tools after use.
-Work in uninfected areas first, before moving.
-Consider replacing severely damaged plants with resistant plants.
-In nematode infested areas consider fallowing the soil (keeping plant and weed free) for 4 years before re-planting. (Ensures dormant nematodes die off)

A

Nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

No chemical nematicides or soil fumigants are available to home gardeners or professional gardeners.

A

Pesticides and fumigants may be available to certified applicators in certain commercial/agricultural applications and are costly and rarely used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nematodes cause more damage in sandy soils and are less problematic in silty or clay soils.

A

Nematodes cause more damage in sandy soils and are less problematic in silty or clay soils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Solarization can help clean the 6” layer of soil and will temporarily reduce nematode levels.

A

Does not prove effective to control nematodes in perennial or woody plants, but effective in annuals or short-lived plants with shallow roots.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Certain plants can suppress certain types of nematodes. Example: Growing a solid Marigold crop during a season and then incorporated into the soil will reduce the nematode population.

A

Other plants know to suppress nematodes include barley, certain legumes such as clover and vetch, and perennial rye.

17
Q

Certain natural enemies and pathogens of nematodes can keep populations in control but are not enough to prevent susceptible plant damage.

A

Certain natural enemies and pathogens of nematodes can keep populations in control but are not enough to prevent susceptible plant damage.

18
Q

The most detrimental mollusk pest in the landscape are _____.

A

Snails

19
Q

_____ are mollusks that glide along on a muscular foot that secretes a mucus.

_____ need moist conditions.

A

Snails.

*Snails have spiral shells and slugs don’t, however their management is similar.

20
Q

Snails & Slugs chew irregular holes in leaves and, clip off succulent plant parts and can chew fruit and tender bark.

A

Dry silvery trails and chewed plants indicate snail activity.

To locate snails in the garden search for protected spaces

21
Q

Snails are most active during damp periods during early day or evening.

A

Snails are active year-round Coastal Southern California with wet and mild winters.

22
Q

During cold weather snails hibernate in topsoil

A

During hot and dry weather, they can seal themselves with a parchment like membrane and often attach to shade tree trunks, fences or walls.

23
Q

The brown garden snail is the most common of the pest snails is the _____.

A

Cornu apersa.

24
Q

Milk snail or ____ ____ is also present in Orange County.

A

Otala lactea

25
Q

Snails have tens of THOUSANDS of tiny teeth on a tongue-like apparatus called a radula (RAD-you-luh). Snail teeth are made of a protein called chitin instead of enamel.

A

Snails don’t bite. A radula is like a cheese grater, and it works by scraping food into their mouths like a conveyor belt instead of chewing it.

26
Q

To Reduce Snail/Slug Population:

-Avoid watering frequently.

-Water early in the day so surfaces can dry by the evening.

-Reduce hiding places.

A

-Look for them in hiding places.

-They are common in thick ground cover areas like honeysuckle or ivy.

-Hand picking can be an effective mean of control. (Use gloves crush and dispose).

-Place traps and monitor regularly.

27
Q

Management of Snail/Slug Population:

-Beer container attract slugs. Keep fresh and refill at least twice a week. This method can be a lot of work and is not too effective

-In orchards copper barriers can be placed around trees to prevent them from reaching fruit. Alternative barriers are the Bordeaux Mixture (copper sulfate and hydrated lime) repel snails too.

A

-Skirt tree branches off the ground to prevent snails crawling up the trees and feeding from the fruit.

-Biological control is effective. Predators of snails include decollate snail, ground beetles, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

28
Q

Predatory _____ Snail _____ _____consume young to half grown brown garden snails.

A

Rumina decollata

29
Q

Rumina decollata predatory snail:

-Has been effective in snail control in citrus orchards. It may take up to 4 years to get full control. (Do not use chemical baits as they kill both).

-Decollates also feed on succulent young plants so caution has to be taken if released in herbaceous ornamental gardens.

A

-Decollate snail introductions are only permitted in certain counties of central and southern California.

-Release in other areas is illegal because of the potential impact on native snails.

30
Q

-Chemical baits temporarily reduce populations of snails and slugs.

-Most effective when combined with other management strategies that aim to reduce hiding areas, control irrigation, and conserve natural enemies.

-Metaldehyde baits are poisonous to other mammals and can kill dogs. Avoid using.

A

-Iron based baits are safe for pets and wildlife.

-Timing is critical for bait application. Spot applications where mollusks are active, instead of widespread applications are preferred. Irrigate before the application to promote snail activity.

-Avoid watering once baits are applied as excess moisture will rapidly degrade baits.

-Do not apply if heavy rain is expected.