week8 Flashcards
Erikson’s Eight Stages of Life Span Development
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
- Initiative vs Guilt
- Industry vs Inferiority
- Identity vs Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs Isolation
- Generativity vs Stagnation
- Integrity vs Despair
A way by which to consider the changes that occur during life span is
Erikson’s Eight Stages of Life Span Development
stage: Infancy (birth to 18 months)
Basic Conflict:
Important Events
Outcome:
Trust vs Mistrust
Feeding
Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
stage: Early Childhood
(2 to 3 years)
Basic Conflict:
Important Events
Outcome:
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
Toilet Training
Children need to develop a sense of personal control
over physical skills and a sense of independence.
Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in
feelings of shame and doubt.
stage: Preschool
(3 to 5 years)
Basic Conflict:
Important Events
Outcome:
Initiative vs Guilt
Exploration
Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.
stage: School Age
(6 to 11 years)
Basic Conflict:
Important Events
Outcome:
Industry vs Inferiority
School
Children need to cope with new social and academic
demands. Success leads to a sense of competence,
while failure results in feelings of inferiority.
stage: Adolescence
(12 to 18 years)
Basic Conflict:
Important Events
Outcome:
Identity vs Role Confusion
Social
Relationships
Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal
identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to
yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
What is the purpose of the different stages of psychological development
- identify abnormal patterns of development
- treat these appropriately
… in order to minimise
disturbances to physical and psychological growth.
Areas to Review on Child Development from Birth to Adolescence from a
psychological perspective:
- Attachment
- Cognitive Development
- Language Development
- Social Development
- Moral Development
(Basic Needs)
- Physical care:
- Stimulation:
- Interpersonal stimulation.
- Physical care: warmth, food, protection from physical harm.
- Stimulation: motor and sensory. Gross deprivation may lead to permanent damage.
- Interpersonal stimulation.
John Bowlby
-He coined the term attachment and his key idea
was attachment theory.
-John Bowlby, worked with homeless children in
post-war Europe
“the infant and young child should experience a
warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with
his mother in which both find satisfaction and
enjoyment”.
John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory(4)
- Humans have a need for relating to particular others throughout life.
- Biologically determined behaviours in infants are shaped by experience.
- Loss of attachment figure in young children: protest, despair, detachment.
- Loss of attachment figure at any time in life leads to grief reaction.
Therefore, attachment is
- Based on the assumption of safety as an evolutionary
driving factor. - Based on premise that increase safety increase survival.
Under threat, immature animals run, seek place of safety whereas higher mammals, primates, tend to seek adult protector, usually mother.
(Bowlby)
four major characteristics in attachment:(4)
- Proximity maintenacnce
- Safe Haven
- Secure base
- Separation distress
Proximity Maintenance:
is the desire to be near the people we are attached to.
Save Haven:
is returning to the attachment figure for comforting and safety in the
face of fear or threat.
Secure Base:
the attachment figure acts as a base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment.
Separation Distress:
anxiety that occurs in the absence of an attachment figure.
Attachment Behaviour System serves to maintain closer proximity to the
attachment figure
• 1st phase (8weeks): The infant’s behaviour is directed at anyone in the
vicinity.
• 2nd phase (2-6months): The infant is responsive toward caregiver.
• 3rd phase (6months-2yrs): Organised behaviour toward caregiver on a
goal-directed basis to achieve secure.
Three main types of attachment behaviour
- Signaling behaviour i.e. smile, vocal, laugh
- Aversive behaviour i.e. cry
- Active behaviour i.e. crawl to, shadow
Benefits of attachment behaviour?
What triggers it?
Benefits
• Protection and safety
• Food and resources
• Social interaction and stimulation
Triggering events
- Situations of anxiety and distress i.e. conflict
- Fear
- Social difficulties
and threats to carers availability / responsiveness
Trigger sites
- within the child i.e. tired, hurt, hungry
- within the environment i.e. frightening, confusing or threatening event
• within the attachment figure i.e. uncertain location or behaviour (hostile,
abusive, rejecting)
Triggers require primary carer to be…
- sensitive
- accepting
- co-operative
- accessible
- available
Internal Working Model of social relationships
suggest:
Early experiences with caregivers gradually give
rise to a system of thoughts, memories, beliefs,
expectations, emotions and behaviors about the
self and the others.
distributions are consistent across cultures,
although the manner in which attachment is
expressed may differ.
