Weekly lists Flashcards
1
Q
Physical signs of chronic liver disease
A
- Spider naevi
- Liver palms - red palms at bases
- Dupeytren’s contracture
- Clubbing
- Gynaecomastia
2
Q
Causes of high MCV
A
- B12/folate deficiency
- Hypothyroidism
- Alcoholism/liver disease
- Pregnancy
- Haemolysis
- Myelodysplasia
3
Q
Causes of low potassium
A
- Diuretics
- Vomitting and diarrhoea
- Cushing syndrome
- Conns syndrome - lots aldosterone
- Alkalosis
- Decreased dietary intake
- Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis
4
Q
Causes of high potassium
A
- AKI/CKD
- Medications eg spironolactone, amiloride, ACEis
- Tissue damage - eg necrosis, burns, tumour lysis
- Haemolysed sample - pseudohyperkalaemia
- Addisons
5
Q
Causes of low sodium
A
- Diuretics - thiazides
- SIADH - esp if euvolaemic
- Addisons
- Dehdyration with water replacement eg after marathon when people guzzle water
- Cirrhosis/HF
6
Q
Causes of clubbing
A
- Idiopathic
- Heart - congenital cyanotic heart defect, atrial myxoma
- Lung - fibrosis, bronchiectasis, empyema, TB, cancer
- Under diaphragm - liver disease, coeliac, IBD
7
Q
Causes of postural hypotension
A
- Dehydration, blood loss
- Medications - anti-hypertensives or vasodilators
- Heart - HF, aortic stenosis, dysarhythmia
- Autonomic - parkinsons, diabetes, MS
- Endocrine - Addisons
- Deconditioning - illness or old age
8
Q
Causes of hypercalcaemia
A
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Cancer + bone mets
- Granulomatous disease - sarcoidosis, TB
- Pagets disease + bed rest - OC>OB
- Medications - thiazide diuretics, lithium
- Humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy - cancer producing PTHrP
9
Q
A
