weeks 2-6 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
how were children raised in the past?
A
viewed as “mini adults” and raised as adults to be adults
2
Q
childhood
A
roughly ages 2-12. reduced maturity, encouraged to grow, learn, and play
3
Q
adolescence
A
emerging adults. distinct biological age (not societal view). reduced maturity. rapid physical, cognitive, and psychosocial growth:
4
Q
adulthood
A
18 or 20+. full physical and intellectual maturity have been attained.
5
Q
philosophy and ways of thinking. medieval views of youth
A
- kids are born evil, linked to original sin
- mini adults
- church dominated judicial system
6
Q
philosophy and ways of thinking. reform views of youth
A
- decline of church on judicial power
- taming the wild child by being beaten by school masters
- promoted religion + moraliyu. kids taught in self-reliance and self-control
7
Q
puritan doctrine
A
kids born evil and stubborn, had to be civilized towards virtue and salvation
8
Q
change from feudalism to mercantilism
A
- poverty rampant
- new class of young beggars
- delinquency emerged
9
Q
mercantilism
A
single corporation passed down by gov or chruch responsible for running particular busines
10
Q
enlightenment perspective and ways of thinking
A
“the age of reason”
- emphasis on human dignity and respect
- focus on science over religion
- key for reducing church control
11
Q
youth in agaraian era
A
- small towns depending on farming
- education in form of apprenticeships
- paramount church influence
12
Q
western settlers
A
- europeons arrived and caused lots of unemployment and death due to illness
- gave kids new freedom and independence due to parents dying
- kids did not have to submit to rules
13
Q
industrial era for kids
A
- goods produced for wholesale
- when working, being taken advantage of
- stopped working as much due to more advanced skills being needed
- 24hr factories and people not there to see crime
- brought crime to urban centuries
- decrease in legal rights
14
Q
child savers
A
- schools to impose values on delinqs
- believed kids could be saved by
reform - blamed improper parenting
- juve delinq became legal status
- traditional values and hard
-youth not housed with adults
15
Q
problems with child savers
A
- not all members agrees with reform
- may have unfairly penalized kids (those from minority status)
- could lead to harsher punishments
16
Q
perceived main causes of youth crime during Agrarian society?
A
- fur trade (youth using alcohol and too much freedom)
- kids takin on adult roles
17
Q
perceived main causes of youth crime during industrial society?
A
- poverty,
- homelessness,
- unemployment
others thought that immorality was the main cause of delinquency, even though they also recognized that this immorality was influenced by, for example, being in poverty. The Church said that stealing was a sin; being in poverty could not be used as a reason or justification for committing a crime.
18
Q
canada’s response
A
Canada’s response to youth delinquency was in part because of industrialization and urbanization. Exposure to delinquency, or having delinquent behavior directly impact middle-class lifestyles, was key to seeing a response to such behavior.
19
Q
what is a theory
A
- identifies causal mechanisms (IV/DV)
- parsimony (clear and concise explanations)
- is testable
- interdisciplinary
20
Q
are all features of a theory given the same weight?
A
no and not all agree on which feature is given the most/least weight
21
Q
classical school
A
- punishments should fit crime
- due process
- those who offend view crime as more beneficial to cost of being punished
- codified laws to know consequences (weight costs and benefits
22
Q
key principles of classical theory
A
- punishment fits crime
- punished quickly to deter from involvement in crime
- do not know what likelihood is of being caught and punished
- free will
- emphasis on offence
- punishment
23
Q
positivist school
A
- viewing crime as science
- phrenology (study of skulls)
- criminals and non-criminals are at diff stages of evolutionary development
- rehabilitation
24
Q
key principles of positivist school
A
- what is observable through scientific method is knowable
- determinism
- multiple causes
- emphasis on offender
25
critiques of positivist school
- profiling
- lack of comparison point
26
neoclassical
criminal behavior as the result of individual circumstances and rational thought and places crime outside of the framework of society. This is the basis of neoclassical criminology: all criminal behavior is situationally dynamic and individually determined.
27
Lombroso
- father of scientific criminology
- emhpasis on phrenology
-pulled into crime by their environment
- criminals and non-criminals at diff stages of evolutionary
- physical features of convicted evidence of 'born criminals'
28
limitation of lombroso
- studied in prison
- racist and sexist undertone
- physical stuff only being due to biological reasons and not things such as poverty
29
Goddard
- influential in eugenics movement and emphasis on 'types' of ppl
- feeble minded and should be sterilzied
- causes of crime is genetically determined. prevent future offending by sterlization
- feeblemindedness is hereditary and explained development of crime and delinq
30
limitations of Goddard
- did people in poverty
- family environments can differ compared to other families
31
strengths/limitations of family studies
pros:
- family values were critical in preventing criminal behav
- offending tends to be clustered within certain fams
- mothers are primary for socialization and if involved in crim behav then will have larger impact on child
limits:
- cant say that criminality within the family is due to genetic makeup of that family (maybe they experience the same environmental risk factors?)
32
biological theories
family, twin, and adoption studies
33
strengths/limits of twin studies
- identical twins tend to have higher delinquency rates than fraternal twins
- look at yes and nos in both groups to compare
- identical twins have higher concordance rates
- examine whether crim behav is present among MZ and DZ twins
- approx 50% of variation in antisocial behav can be explained by genetics
limited:
- low base rate of violent behav in twin studies. can lead to what we call type 2 error (false negative)
- shared environment is more for identical twins
- evidence in support of heredity as a causal factor in crime and delinquency because they merely compare rates of offending in the different groups.
34
strengths/limits of adoption studies
strengths:
- help deal with shared environment issue of twin studies
- powerful tool for evaluating the interactions of genetic and environmental factors in eliciting human characteristics
limits:
- abnormal rates of ASB and environments of adopted kids tend to be advantageous
35
two study designs adoption
- concordance between child and bio/adopted parent
- concordance between child and their adopted/biological siblings
36
psychological theories
- development of antisocial characteristics to explain criminal and delinquent behaviour
- focus on environmental factor which fills in gap from twin/adoption studies
37
Freud's psychodynamic theory
- focused on the underdeveloped/overdeveloped superegi
- id: seeks immediate pleasure
- ego: reality-orientated thinking (being rational)
- superego: conscience and internalizing of society's standards. regualted the id (morality)
- problems with superego development lead to crime.
- parenting and trauma is primary source of poor development
38
limits to freud's theory
- little valdity
39
what element of CJS uses classical conditioning
- electric shock therapy
- shock associated with what is wrong to stop it from occuring
limitation
- could cause comparing pain with offence and enjoy pain associated with crime
40
principles of classical conditioning
- neutral stimulus, when paired with unconditional stim produces a conditional response even when the unconditional stim is removed. the neutral stim becomes a conditioned one
41
extinction
when the conditioned response (CR) disappears. This happens when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
42
aversive conditioning (electric shock therapy)
reduce unwanted behaviour by being paired with unpleasant stim
43
main principles of rational choice theory
- individual seek to max pleasure and minimize pain
the crime is centered around a motivated offender, a vulnerable target/victim and absence of a capable guardian
44
bounded rationality
- some are not able to distinguish pain and pleasure
45
routine activity theory
the crime is centered around a motivated offender, a vulnerable target/victim and absence of a capable guardian
- argue that crime wouldn't occur if any 1 of these factors was absent
- can be used in victimization rates too
46
crime prevention with rational choice theory
- mosquito method
47
what is peak time for youth crime
- during unsupervised hours (3-5pm)
48
Hirschi's social bond theory
- attachment: having a bond to others and you won't want to damage this bond (type of relationship doesn't matter)
- commitment: time spent on conventional activities; dont want t lose investment
- invovlement: prosocial activies leave little time for antisocial ones
- belief: conviction to an respect for social norms
49
limit of hirshi
- grew up in mormon comm so his perspectives on what crime activity is like may be different
50
hirshi and gottfredson general theory of crime
- "all crime, all the time": low self control
- characteristics of low self control: impulsice and risk-taking
- low self control develops around 8-10 when parents fail to respond to poor behaviour
- low self-control does not go away and does not change
51
marshmellow test
- testing kids for low self control
- will they wait to eat marshmellow to be awarded with 2?
52
negative reinforcement
- removing smth people don't like. beep of a seatbelt sign you put a belt on
- behaviour is followed by the removal of aversive stim which increases that behav
53
postive reinforcement
- adding something
- behaviour is followed by pleasant stim
54
punishment
positive: when behaviour is followed by aversive stim
negative: when behaviour is followed by removal of pleasant stim
55
what increases chances that reinforcement/punishment will be effective
- celerity: swiftness of response
- certainty" probability that behav will be punished
- severity: proportionality, reward/punishment matches behav
56
differential reinforcement
- whether someone commits crime depends on whether indv has been reinforced for similar behav in past
- a criminal act occurs in an environemnt where the actor was previousl reinforced for behaving this way
- aversvie consequences attached to behaviour have been a nature that they do not control or prevent the response
(think sam and getting rewarded despite acting like a bitch)
57
differential association
when one learns criminal attitudes and behaviors through those around them
58
learning theory
will continue to do beahviour based on reward for punishment
59
main way developmental theories differ from other ones?
- emphasizes notion within indv change or stability
- crim behaviour develops over time (risk factors)
- looks longitudinal at the criminal career
- difference between groups that offend and those that don't
60
moffits 2 trajectory patterns
- adolescence limited
-lifecourse persisant
- they are associated with diff causes
61
adolesence limited (AL)
- offending adolesence and quick decline in adulthood
- associated with social mimcry (no antisocial behav in childhood, in adolesence engage in minor delinq bc they are exposed to delinq behav of peer groups) and what to mimic behaviour
- social learning theory explanation
- bridge maturity gap and want to take on adult roles but are lackinf certain skills to succed so may engage in antisocial behav to combat this
- by adulthood, will desist from crime because maturity gap is closed and cost of crime is much higher
62
lifecourse persistent (LCP)
- early antisocial behaviour, aggresive and continues to serious extent over life course
- due to intersection of negative family environment and psychological deficits which creates poor social skills and alienate them from peers and teachers
- look for people who will reward and reinforce negative behaviour
- cumulative consequences
63
what 2 factors need to be present to be considered a LCP
negative family environment and psychological deficits
64
limitations of moffit
- AL group does not suddenly stop offending
- no support in lit that offenders can be described by just 2 groups
65
4 pillars of life course crim
- historical context (how social context at time can influence behav
- linked lives (how they behave is connected to people they are connected with
- risk factors are age graded
- human agency (allows people to pcik themselves up and accomplish what they want
66
Sampson and Laub's key turning points
- military involvement
- housing
-marriage
- kids
- employment
67
why do females commit less crimes
- chivalry hypothesis (treated more lightly then men in CJS
- role theory (not right for girls to do crime so judge is more shocked)
68
sociological sources of female offending
- patriarchal families; oppression of girls and women
- integrated liberation and economic marginalization theory
69
3 main sources that provide info on youth crime?
- media (TV, newspaper)
- official statistics (police data, courts rate of convictions. corrections, percent of indv sentenced to custody)
- researchers, official reports (victimization surveys, self-report surveys)
70
difference between candian and US media
US stations tend to be more for profit, sensationalize it to real extreme) - contributing to greater level of fear of crime
71
validity and reliability
validity: measuring what you're supposed to (dark figure of crime)
reliability: extent to whixh research results can be replicated in other studies (lying about crime telescoping)
72
what source is most reliable and which one is most valid
reliable: official data
valid: self-report and victimization
73
are official reports reliable?
yes. easy to record number of arrests, charges, or convictions
74
are offical reports valid
not really, dark figure of crime
75
what UCR definitions focus on?
focus only most serious offense
76
victimization surveys
- addresses dark figure of crime: includes crimes that victims did not report to police
- reporting biases: reporting right offense, but in wrong time period (telescoping)
- victimless crimes: drug trafficking, weapons possession not reported
77
self-report studies
- interviews asking Ps about their involvemnet in diff types of crime
- self-report crime is always higher than official crimes
- telescoping
78
telescoping
reporting right offense, but in wrong time period
79
age crime curve
crime declines after 18
- highest rate of offending is 15-17
think about moffits theory (AL and LCP)
80
canada's youth crime trend over past 20 years
- crime has been on a steady decline
- YCJA has impacted this in positive way
- Reason why violent crime shows less change is because it is less prevalent so hard to see bog decline on scale
- Decline in youth in custody in BC
81
what crimes are most common for youth
- 40% break and enter
- 43% motor vehicle theft and arson
- 29% property offences
- 23% of all other criminal code offences
- 16% of all violent offences
82
youth crime trends
1. criminality activity increases with age
2. police charge older youth, espcially males at higher rate than younger youth
83
what is most common youth crime
theft
84
facts about young offending in canada
- about 1 in 5 crimes in canada are comitted by youth
- most violence offence is minor
- Universal fact: vast majority of YC is accounted for by small proportion than youth offenders
- homicide is rare
85
indigenous youth
- over represented in courts (25-30%)
- crimes occur in context of substance abuse and violence
- overpolicing (viscious cycle of more arrests)
86
offenders under 12
- held NCR
- 90% are male
- 10-11 yrs old
- most of offences are petty in nature
public opinion:
Want this age to be lowered because of belief that youth know that they will be deemed NCR so that’s why they engage in these types of crime
But reality is, youth offending under 12 is very rare
87
gender crime
comparison
girls:
- theft under 5k
- minor assault, break and enter, administrative
- violent charges to occur in early adolescence
- Patriarchal and paternalistic policies set by judges may lead to the difference in gendered violence offences
boys:
- Boys have more severe delinq careers
- theft under 5k most common
- break and enter, motor theft, mischief
- violent charges occurs in later adolescence
88
delinquent careers
1. boys begin delinq careers at earlier age
2. boys careers are longer than girls
3. boys are more likely to offend in adulthood
4. girls's involve less serious offences
5. Vast majority of homicides are done by boys but girls are more likely to engage in homicide against family
89
facts about youth victims of crime
- violent crimes, the victim is usually another youth
- victim and offender likely know each other
- boys are more likely to be victims of assaults or robbery, while girls are more likely to be sexually assaulted
- boys have higher victimization rates than girls
- dating violence more likely to be reported by boys
90
which gender has higher victimization rates?
boys
91
administrative offences
- failing to appear in court or complying with bail conditions
- can result in custody
- make up 25% of court cases
92
crime in media
- create perception that sensational cases are common
- create perception that offenders in serious crimes differ from those involved in common crimes
93
what is the strength of crime in the media
easily accessible for general public
94
cycle of violence and polyvictimization
cycle of violence: those who experience or witness violence are more likely to experience or initiate violence as they get older
polyvictimization: those who have experienced victimizations and exhibit negative effects like confusion, sadness, anxiety, agitation
95
dominant crim in medievil time?
demonic possession
96
hegemonic
Refers here to belief systems about power differences and how they are maintained and reinforce the interests of the powerful.
97
