Weight Management Flashcards by Sydney Perry

_____ US nutritional health problem is obesity

____% of adults are overweight or obese
____% of adults are obese

1
74%
42%

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lowest rates of obesity?
highest rates?

KY and WV

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____% of the worlds population is obese
has _____ worldwide since 1975

13%
trippled

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obesity is recognized as a _________ disease

adipose tissue secretes ___________ which can result in insulin resistance and oxidant stress

chronic inflammatory

pro inflammatory cytokines

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A state where weight exceeds a standard based on height

overweight

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Condition of excessive adipose tissue that may impair health

obese

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overweight BMI
obese BMI

25-29.9
≥30

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Adult male:
Total body fat

________ of body weight for the average male
____ essential fat
_____ body fat indicates obesity

18 -24%
3%
25%

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Adult woman:
________ of body weight for the average female
_____ essential fat
_____ body fat indicates obesity

25 -31%
12%
≥30%

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increase in cell size is ____________
increased number of cells is _________

___________ does not decrease with weight loss

hypertrophy
hyperplasia

Number of fat cells

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two major types of fat deposition

android fat distribution
gyroid fat distribution

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android fat distribution is _______
more common is _____

excess subcutaneous truncal abdominal fat (apple shape)
men

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gynoid fat distribution is ____________
more common in ______

excess gluteofemoral fat (pear shape)
women

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android fat distribution
- Increased risk for __________ fat
- high correlation with ___________
- associated with a significant risk for medical issues

abdominal visceral
insulin resistance

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__________ is Clustering of CHD risk factors
Diagnosed by having >____ of the following:

_____________
Waist circumference > ___ in. for men & > ___ in. for women
TG > ___ mg/dL
HDL <___ mg/dL for men & <___ mg/dL for women
Glucose intolerance: FBG > ____ mg/dL
BP: ≥____/ ≥____ mmHg

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
3

Abdominal obesity
45
35

150
40
50

100
135
85

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Treatment of metabolic syndrome is to treat underlying conditions/risk factors:

_______management
physical activity
treat ________
improve ___________
reduce ____ levels

weight
dyslipidemia
blood glucose levels
BP

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RMR declines with _____ and ______

____ is a major determinant of RMR

age
restricted energy intake

LBM

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______ have an immediate effect on satiety

gut peptides

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examples of gut peptides and what they do

cholecystokinin (CCK)
- inhibits food intake
- gallbladder release bile

Bombesin
- reduces food intake
- enhances release of CCK

Incretins (ex: glucagon peptide 1)
- decrease gastric emptying
- promote satiety and decrease food intake

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ghrelin is produced by ______ cells and acts on the _________ to __________

levels __________ in people who are eating

__________ levels found after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy & gastric bypass

gastric
hypothalamus
stimulate hunger

increase
suppressed

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leptin is the hormone produced by _________ and is correlated with ________

adipose tissue
% body fat

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leptin acts on receptors in the ___________ to ___________

________ energy expenditure

with obesity, leptin levels ______ and _____ it’s ability to function

cells become _______ to leptin

hypothalamus
inhibit food intake

increases

increase
lose

resistant

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examples of brain neurotransmitters

serotonin
corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
Neuropeptide Y

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what does serotonin do ?
lower levels associated with _______

decrease appetite
lower levels are associated with an increased appetite for CHO

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what does corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) do? released during __________

decreases appetite exercise

what does neuropeptide Y do? increases in periods of __________-

increases appetite increases in food deprivation

the body has a natural tendency to maintain or return to a specific weight by adjusting internal regulatory systems

set point theory

lifestyle factors that LEAD TO OBESITY

inadequate PA sedentary behaviors lack of sleep

environmental factors that have affect

larger food portion sizes fast food food marketing all you can eat buffets

determine degree of overweight or obesity through ____ and ______ and do nutrition focused physical exam to assess for _____________

BMI and waist circumference sarcopenia obesity

reliable indicator of body fatness for most people and is used to screen for weight categories that may lead to health problems

BMI

limitations of BMI

measures excess weight, not body fat doesn't distinguish between fat, muscle, or bone mass does not provide info on distribution of fat

underweight BMI

<18.5

normal BMI

18.5-24.9

overweight BMI

25-29.9

obesity class 1 BMI

30-34.9

obesity class 2 BMI

35-39.9

extreme obesity BMI

≥40

how to find BMI range

ht to meters squared and then multiply by BMI values of range

high waist circumference for women vs men

women >35 in men >40 in

waist circumference is measures ___________

above hips usually above belly button

comprehensive lifestyle intervention includes diet therapy, physical activity, and behavioral modification. aid is recommended to participate for _________ and is on site, high intensity. program provided by trained interventionists. high intensity meaning ____ sessions in _____

≥6 months ≥14 sessions in 6 months

goals for weight loss is ______ of initial body weight in ____ months

5-10% in 6 months

weight loss after age ____ is not reccommended

recommended calorie deficit guidelines result in a loss of ________ per week for persons with BMI _______ ________ per week for persons with BMI _______

0.5-1 27-35 1-2 lb >35

de-emphasize IBW because most individuals cannot achieve IBW and cannot maintain losses more than _____

15%

reduced calorie diets should prescribe a kcal deficit of ________

500-1000 kcal/day

for reduced calorie diets, use ________ to estimate RMR, and multiply by AF. Then subtract kcal to promote weight loss provide _____ of protein to minimize the loss of LBM and preserve bone mineral density

mifflin St. Jeor 1.2 g/kg

all diets must contain ______ to result in weight loss

kcal deficit

should take MVI with minerals if daily intake is less than ________ kcal for women and _______ for men

1200 1800

VLCD are ______ kcal per day and are designed to preserve LBM, so protein of _____ per day. Usually in the form of ______ and last _______. Reserved for individuals with BMI of ________ need _______ and ________

≤800 kcal/day 0.8-1.5 g/kg shakes ≥30 supplementation and medical supervision

VLCD produce greater _______ than reduced calorie diets, however when more than ____ year, weight loss is no different than LCD. weight gain is a problem and side effects include ________

initial weight loss One fatigue, weakness, lightheadedness increased risk for gallstones increased risk of gout flare up

provides client with a set of techniques to identify and overcome barriers to positive dietary, exercise, and lifestyle habits. Uses goal setting, stimulus control, and cognitive restructuring

behavior modification strategies

stimulus control cognitive restructuring motivational interviewing problem solving social support self monitoring

self monitoring consists of monitoring and recording of food intake, exercise, and weight that helps the individual identify _______ that lead to ____________. Then steps can be taken to prevent them from occurring or change the individuals reaction to them.

stimuli undesirable behaviors

PA contributes to energy deficit. Does it produce more or less weight loss than decreasing energy intake? combination produces the most weight loss

less

physical activity can minimize ______ during weight loss and improve insulin sensitivity. may contribute to ____________

LBM abdominal fat mobilization

Gradually accumulate _______ min / week or more, depending on intensity, unless medically contraindicated. ________ minutes or more a week is recommended fr weight maintenance to prevent weight regain

150-420 min/week 200-300 minutes

criteria for use of pharmacotherapy is BMI ≥ ______ or BMI ≥_______ with significant obesity related comorbidities lifestyle interventions should be attempted for at least _____ before considering drug therapy

30 27 6 months

main type of medication for weight loss

appetite suppressents

appetite suppressants stimulate the release or block the reuptake of _______ promote weight loss by __________ and _________

norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin decreasing appetite increasing satiety

examples of FDA Approved appetite suppressants approved for short term use of _______

Phentermine (Apidex) Benzphetamine (Didrex) Diethylpropion (Tenuate) Phendimetrazine (Control PDM) ≤12 weeks

side effects of appetite suppressants

increase BP and HR nervousness insomnia dry mouth constipation dizziness headache

FDA-Approved Drugs for LONG term use

Phentermine-Topiramate (Qsymia) Naltrexone-Bupropion (Contrave) Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists Orlistat (Xenical)

Phentermine-Topiramate (Qsymia) is used to _______, ________, and _______

decrease appetite increase satiety may make food taste less appealing

side effects of Phentermine-Topiramate (Qsymia)

paresthesia dizziness trouble sleeping constipation dry mouth increased HR May cause birth defects DO NOT take if planning to get pregnant

Naltrexone-Bupropion (Contrave) will __________ and _________

decrease appetite increase satiety

side effects of Naltrexone-Bupropion (Contrave)

N/V/C/D dizziness increased BP and HR insomnia liver damage suicidal thoughts

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists will ______________ and _______________

Delay gastric emptying and increase satiety

side effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists ?

N/D/C abdominal pain HA may increase risk of pancreatitis

examples of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists ?

Liraglutide (Saxenda) - daily injection Semaglutide (Wegovy) - weekly injection

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists being used for weight loss that is not approved by FDA for weight loss, just Type 2 Diabetes

ozempic

Orlistat (Xenical) will _______________ which _____________ approved for long term use for adults and children ≥______

inhibit gastric and pancreatic lipase reduces absorption of dietary fat by about 30% 12 yrs

OTC version of Orlistat (Xenical)

Alli (reduced strength)

side effects of Orlistat (Xenical)

diarrhea abdominal cramps oily stools flatulence fecal incontinuence

orlistat should be taken with or within _____ of meals containing fat patients should be on a nutritionally balanced, reduced calorie diet with about _____ of calories from fat Take MVI with minerals once a day more than _____ apart from medication

1 hour 30% 2 hours

Weight Management Flashcards

(76 cards)