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Biology of disease > Weird Biology > Flashcards

Weird Biology Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

What do kinetoplastid parasites contain ?

A

Kinetoplast DNA/ mitochondrial genome

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2
Q

What is special about the structure of the kinetoplastid genome ?

A

It is chainmail like

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3
Q

What does Apicomplexa contain ?

A

Apicoplast

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4
Q

What is special about the Apicoplast?

A

it has multiple membranes

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5
Q

What it the model apicoplast ?

A

Toxaplasma

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6
Q

Example of a protozoan parasite ?

A

Toxaplasma

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7
Q

How is the impact of malaria measured?

A

disability adjusted life years (DALYS)

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8
Q

Type of apicomplexa in cattle ?

A

Theileria

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9
Q

How is theileria spread?

A

Via ticks

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10
Q

What cell does theileria effect in the body ?

A

lymphocytes

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11
Q

What are the features of the apical complex ?

A

Micronemes and conoid

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12
Q

What is the cristae ?

A

The whirls of the inner membrane

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13
Q

Where is ATP synthase found?

A

in the cristae

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14
Q

Theory behind eukaryotes having a mitochondria ?

A

Endosymbiosis

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15
Q

Key structure of a protozoan mitochondria ?

A

Single but branched

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16
Q

when do toxoplasma mitochondria not respire ?

A

in the intracellular stages

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17
Q

when do toxoplasma switch to mito res from glycolysis ?

A

when they are getting ready to enter a mosquito

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18
Q

Why might toxoplasma switch respiration ?

A

because they enter a harsher environment

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19
Q

Key features of the Apicomplex mito genome ?

A

smallest- 6kb , only 3 proteins coded for and have 20 copies in each cell

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20
Q

What are the 3 proteins that apicomplexors produce?

A

cytochrome oxidase 1 ,3 and cytochrome B + fragments of ribosome genes

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21
Q

How is theileria different to apicomplexors ?

A

Has terminal inverted repeats not tandem

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22
Q

What do the terminal inverted repeats do ?

A

act like telomeres protecting genome form degradation

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23
Q

where does toxoplasma store mito genome ?

A

in the nuclear genome ?

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24
Q

do mDNA and nDNA rep together ?

A

yes

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25
what is a concatomer ?
long sting of repeats
26
current theory for replication ?
rolling circles
27
What do brewer vegan gels allow you to do?
x/y dimensions and see the shape of dna
28
where is th kinetoplast always found ?
at the base of the flagellum
29
example of a trypanosomatid parasite ? disease?
leishmania and African sleeping sickness
30
How do you get African sleeping sickness ?
Tetse fly bite , T. bruceis . fever , blood brain barrier . NS , coma
31
Where is kDNA stored ?
in the lumen of the mitochondria
32
What is the structure of kDNA ?
giant network of interlocking circles - chainmail like
33
What are the two types of circle found in kDNA ?
Mini ( 5000) and Maxi(25)
34
What is the role of the maxi circles?
Encoded proteins for respiration , similar to mitochondria
35
What is the role of mini circles?
Codes fo sgRNA which edit maxi circles proteins
36
What does sgRNA do?
edits messenger RNA post transcriptionally
37
Where are the maxi circles found ?
semi detached to the membrane
38
What is the normal valence of the mini circles ?
3
39
Why are relaxed circles structures uncommon?
As supercoiled provides energy for strand unwinding and rep
40
Role of Topoisomerase 2?
Break and reform the circles
41
What are present in the protein complexes that attach during kDNA rep ?
Topoisomerase 2, dna polymerase and structure specific endonuclease
42
Where is DNA primate found ?
Middle of the discs, top and bottom
43
What releases mini circles from the network ?
Topoisomerase 2
44
What do the releases mini circles form ?
theta forms
45
What do the recently rep minicircles contain and why ?
Nick , regulates which mini circles have been rep recently
46
What is T. brucei different?
Has 2 poles
47
Why does valency increase during replication ?
3-5/6 to allow double the amount of kDNA to be held in the same area - condensed
48
How many membranes surroud the apicoplast ?
4
49
What happens when you remove the apicoplast from cell ?
fails to invade a new host
50
Where are apicoplasts found ?
Near the mitochondria
51
How many genomes in a apicomplexan ?
3-nuclear mito and plasmid
52
How is toxoplasma replicated ?
rolling circle
53
How is plasmodium replicated?
Bi directional - theta forms
54
What is the proposed origin for apicoplasts?
Green agal / prokaryotic
55
What is the apicoplast rich in ?
AT -80% GENES
56
Whats encoded in the Apicoplast ?
RNA genes RNA polymerase surb (iron sulphur clusters) tufa
57
Whats an example of secondary endosymbiosis ?
Apicoplast
58
What is the site of type 2 fatty acid synthesis?
Apicoplast
59
What does BFA inhibit ?
ER to Golgi transport
60
What does NTD stand for?
Neglected tropical diseases
61
What does HAT stand for ?
Human African trypanomiasis - sleeping sickness
62
what insect transmits chagas disease ?
the kissing bug
63
what insect transmits African sleeping sickness ?
Tsetse fly
64
what insect transmits leishmania ?
sand fly
65
what are the two types of ASS?
``` west = TB gambiese east = TB rhdesinese ```
66
which ASS is the worst ?
east
67
in leishmania which cell of the immune system is it ingested by ?
macrophages
68
whats the VD?
visceral disease of leishmania - liver and spleen
69
whats the CD ?
cutaneous disease of leishmania - skin sores
70
whats the MD ?
mucosal diseases of leishmania - attacks mucosal tissue
71
What is the mode of action for kinetoplast treatments ?
its largely unknown
72
How much does it cost to make a new drug ?
2.8 billion
73
How long does it take to develop ?
15 years
74
What are the stages of development ?
identify a target, validate, screen developing, primary screening, secondary screening, lead optermisation, pre clinical dev, clinical - 3 phases, regulate
75
what are the two methods for drug dev?
target and phenotypic
76
what is the target method?
protein response
77
what is the phenotypic method?
cellular response
78
whats the z prime?
measures if an assay is robust
79
whats the positive control ?
drug that is known to kill the parasite
80
whats the marker of a robust assay ?
z prime factor = 0.5

Biology of disease (4 decks)

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