Welfare Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
Why might there be disagreement on the treatment of animals?
A
Conflicting views on how animal welfare should be defined and how animals should be treated (ethical component)
2
Q
What are the three definitions of ethics?
A
- The discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation
- A set of moral principles: a theory or system of moral values
- A set of moral issues or aspects
3
Q
What is the difference between a fact and a moral view?
A
A fact is a statement that doesn’t need a justification
A moral view needs to be backed up by a moral principle
4
Q
What are the two types of moral duties?
A
Direct - animals have moral standing, they are members of our moral community
Indirect - Animals do not have moral standing, they are not members of our moral community
5
Q
What are the five animal welfare philosophies?
A
- Contractarian view
- Utilitarian view
- Animal rights view
- Relational view
- Respect for nature view
6
Q
What is the basis of the contractarian view?
A
Morality based on a contract or an agreement between individuals, treating others well means you will get treated well in return. Animals are excluded from the moral community. Moral obligations towards animals are based on how much they matter to other humans (indirect).
7
Q
What is the basis of the utilitarian view?
A
Animals are included in the moral community. The goal is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. A practice that causes suffering is acceptable as long as the suffering is outweighed by the pleasure generated. Killing is acceptable under certain conditions.
8
Q
What is the basis of the animal rights view?
A
Animals are included in the moral community, animals have inherent value. Killing is not morally acceptable only in self-defence.
9
Q
What is the basis of the relational view?
A
Duties to animals may be based on our emotional relations to them (whether we like them/are close with them or not). Humans may be concerned about animals because of the negative effect that poor treatment of animals may have on other humans.
10
Q
What is the basis of the respect for nature view?
A
Moral concerns may be based on the potential extinction of species. Species has value in itself and deserves to be protected. Keep the balance of the earth.
11
Q
What did Pythagoras think about animal welfare?
A
Proposed close connections between humans and animals (kinship)
Opposed to the killing and consumption of animals
Believed in reincarnation
12
Q
Did Pythagoras believe we had obligations towards animals? Are they direct?
A
Yes, direct
13
Q
What did Aristotle think about animal welfare?
A
Believed that animals and humans share perception and emotion
Argued that only humans have the capacity for speech and reason
Believed that animals were made for the sake of men
14
Q
I’d Aristotle believe that humans have obligations towards animals? Is it direct?
A
No, N/A
15
Q
What did St. Thomas Aquinas believe in terms of animal welfare?
A
Animals are intended for mans use
Animals do not have immortal souls
People who mistreat animals may develop a cruel habit or commit a property wrong against owner
16
Q
Did St. Thomas Aquinas believe that we have obligations towards animals? Is it direct?
A
Yes, indirect
17
Q
What did Rene Descartes think about animals welfare?
A
Usually blamed for introducing the concept of animals at machines
Encouraged vivisection for advancement of knowledge
Animals are devoid of language and therefore rationality, capable for feeling pain, fear, hope joy, capable of emotions without having any thoughts
18
Q
Did did Rene Descartes believe that we have obligations towards animals? Direct?
A
No, N/A
19
Q
What did Thomas Hobbes think about animal welfare?
A
Contractarian
Since animals have no language, they cannot enter into social contracts with other beings
Animals are not worthy of moral consideration, but they can matter to other humans
20
Q
Did Thomas Hobbes believe that we have an obligation towards animals? Is the obligation direct?
A
Yes, indirect
21
Q
What did John Locke think about animal welfare?
A
Animals have very simple mental capacities, show evidence of memory, cannot perform abstractions as humans do
Believed that animals could suffer and that harming them was morally wrong
Concerned about effects on people, especially children about cruelty to animals
22
Q
Did John Locke believe that we have an obligation towards animals? Direct?
A
Yes, indirect
23
Q
What did Immanuel Kant think about animal welfare?
A
Emphasized the difference between humans and animals: humans have rationality
Animals may be treated as a means to an end (instrumental)
When animal shows manifestation of human nature, we should be kind to them
24
Q
Did Immanuel Kant believe we have an obligation towards animals? Direct?
A
Yes (not all animals though), indirectly
25
What did Jeremy Bentham think about animal welfare?
Good meant happiness, evil meant pain
Utilitarian
26
Did Jeremy Bentham believe that we have obligations towards animals? Direct?
Yes, direct
27
What did John Stuart Mill think about animal welfare?
Utilitarian
28
Did John Stuart Mill believe we have obligations towards animals? Direct?
Yes, direct
29
What did Peter Singer think about animal welfare?
Promotes the utilitarian approach but opposes most animal use
Not against using animals or killing them as long as they have a good life and a painless death
30
Did Peter Singer believe that we have an obligation towards animals? Direct?
Yes, direct
31
What did Tom Regan think bout animal welfare?
Argued that animals are all subject of life and therefore have inherent value, equal rights
32
Did Tom Regan believe that we have obligations towards animals? Direct?
Yes, direct
33
What are the two types of ethical theories?
Those based on goodness and badness, that is the results of actions - Teleological theories
Those based on rightness and wrongness, that is the intrinsic properties of actions - Deontological theories
34
What is the Teological approach?
Course of conduct that promotes the greatest amount of happiness or the least amount of suffering for all those who will be affected?
35
What is the utilitarian approach good for?
Good for human ethics dilemmas, but difficult for animals
36
What are some weakness of utilitarianism
Some harms are just unacceptable whatever the benefits, killing a human for the greater good
37
What is the weaknesses of animal rights view?
Harm and inherent value is difficult to understand
38
What are the 3 elements included in a welfare debate?
1. Science: the effects of humans on the animal from the animal’s perspective
2. Ethics: the human actions towards the animal
3. Law: result of science and ethics dictating how humans must treat animals
39
What are the three perspectives of animal welfare?
Physical
Mental
Natural Living
40
What are the four important aspects to physical perspective of animal welfare?
Housing design, Stocking density, Access to outdoors, access to bedding
41
What is overlapping Physical and mental perspectives in the vein diagram?
Clinical signs of disease or injury
42
What is a laying hen?
Hens which have reached laying maturity and are kept for the production of eggs which are intended to be for consumption instead of hatching
43
How many laying hens worldwide?
4.9 billion
44
What are modern hens result of?
Cross between 4 grandparent lines
45
What are furnished/enriched cages for laying hens?
Wire enclosure with extra space and elements, perches, nest box, litter area, extra height
46
What are the variety of group sizes that can be placed in enriched cages for laying hens?
0-12 birds = small group
15-30 birds = medium group
~60 birds = large group
47
What are indoor non-cage systems for laying hens
Either single-tiered or multi-tiered systems which includes perches nests and large scratching areas, can fit 5000-30,000 birds
48
What are some characteristics of non cage systems multi tiered (aviaries)?
Integrated or non-integrated nest boxes
Several levels of perforated floors with manure belts directly below them
Feeders and drinkers are distributed in such a way that all hens have equal access
49
What is the issue with the naturalist perspective of animal welfare?
Not all natural behaviours are preferred and some can even reduce the welfare of the animal!
50
What are the features to housing for sow pigs (individual confinement)
Sows can sit, lay down or stand up and may be able to walk a few steps back and forth, but cannot turn around
2 feet wide and 7 feet long with metal side bars and slatted concrete or metal floors
51
What are three features of domestic pigs?
- descended from the wild boar
- omnivorous forest dwellers
- spend most of their active time foraging
52
What did the family pen system include?
Manure area, rooting area, activity area, nesting area, individual sow feeding stalls
53
What are the good results taken away from the family pen system?
Very stable social groups, less fighting, synchronized estrus cycles
54
What are the welfare problems from the family pen system for pig production?
Neonatal death rates were high by commercial standards due to sow crushing or weather
High labour requirements, lack of control over breeding/weaning etc
55
What is emergency behaviour?
Flight reactions bring the animal into a state of stress without achieving the goal for which the behaviour had evolved
56
What is damaging behaviours?
Such as rank-related or illness related aggression
57
Why can natural environments cause welfare concerns?
They include stressors such as heat, cold, disease and predators
58
What are the three welfare perspective analysis of gestation stalls for sows?
Naturalness: restriction of oral and social behaviour
Physical: lack of exercise, risk of cardiovascular fitness and bone strength, mouth injuries from bar biting, gastric ulcer
Mental: little control over environment, could cause frustration/distress, feeling pain from mouth injuries, feeling pain from gastric ulcer, apathy
59
What are some alternative to individual confinement for female pigs?
- Straw: gut fill, less aggression
- Group housing in doors: feeding stalls/electronic feeders
- Individual housing with reduced sow confinement
- Group farrowing systems
- Two-stage systems
60
What are the three perspectives of animal welfare?
Physical: ensure good health, conditioning and functioning of animals
Mental: minimize unpleasant "affective states" and allow animals normal pleasures
Natural: allow animals to develop and live in ways and environments that allow species-specific behaviour and behaviour they are motivated to perform
61
If animals are in good health, is their welfare good?
Not necessarily
62
What are the 5 freedoms of animal welfare?
Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, injury and disease
Freedom to express normal behaviour
Freedom from fear and distress
63
What are the conflicts of the five freedoms of animal welfare?
Freedom from disease conflicts with fear from handling during treatment
Freedom to express normal behaviour conflicts with distress during normal social interactions
64
What are:
Calf
Dairy Calf
Veal calf
steer
bull
heifer
cow
cull cow
Calf - bovine animal less than a year olf
Dairy Calf - calf of a mating between bull and cow both of dairy breeds
Veal calf - specifically reared, grown quickly and fed on a special food aged up to three months
steer - male animal that has been neutered
bull - entire male bovine animal of breeding age
heifer - female animal that has never had a calf
cow - female that has had one or more calves
cull cow - cow that has been removed from the dairy herd or beef herd to be slaughtered
65
What are free stall characteristics?
- twice a day, enter milking parlour
- bedded stalls are provided
- barn aisles are cement or slatted floors
- cows have free choice to feed
66
What are tie stall characteristics?
- tied cows have little freedom of movement
- feed/drinker is provided to them
- laying area is approve 5-15 cm raised about stall floor
- swallow channel to catch feces and urine
67
Do all farming systems restrict normal behaviour?
yes
68
How much/day do cows graze and ruminate?
graze 8-9 hours per day
ruminate 6 hours per day
and forward walk only
69
What are an alternative to the five freedoms?
1. good nutrition
2. good environment
3. good health
4. appropriate behaviour
5. positive mental experiences
70
What are the five domains that contribute to the welfare state of an animal?
1. nutrition
2. environment
3. health
4. behaviour
5. mental domain
71
What do positive experiences for animals result in?
better quality of life
72
What is affective state?
feeling or emotion
73
What is emotions?
mental state from neurophysical changes in the body
74
What is sensory pleasure?
removal of negative state that results in a positive state, hunger, thirst, etc.
75
What is pleasure?
feeling happy, satisfaction, enjoyment
76
What is mood?
conscious state/predominant emotion
77
What is suffering?
unpleasantness or aversion
78
What are the two schools of thought that reject affective considerations in favour of behaviour and or cognition only approaches?
Behavioural neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience
79
What is the neuroscience that accepts affective states in animals?
affective neuroscience
80
What are multicomponent response tendencies?
unfold over a short period of time and incorporate muscle tension, hormone release, facial expression and cognition
81
What is the process of feeling emotions within the body?
Begin with an individual's assessment of the personal meaning. Either conscious or unconscious, this appraisal process triggers a cascade of responses incorporating mental, physical and subjective changes
82
How do sensory pleasures arise?
whenever a stimulus corrects and internal trouble
83
What does sensory pleasure share with emotion?
subjective feeling and may include physiological changes, but an emotion also requires an appraisal of some stimulus or assessment of meaning
84
What is the difference between emotions and moods?
emotions are about some personally meaningful circumstances and moods are typically free-floating or objectless and are more long-lasting
85
What can negative emotions lead to?
single, clear and strong action tendency, e.g. scared, try to escape
86
What is a characteristic of action tendencies and physiological changes?
go hand in hand
87
Why is suffering so subjective?
no framework to determine the suffering of an animal
88
How is suffering used in the animal welfare literature? (3)
1. when we describe negative effect in animals
2. to imply conscious experience of a negative affect
3. identify negative affect that is severe or pronged
89
What do future research on animal suffering require? (3)
- how they interact
- assessment of the animals emotional health
- ability to cope with adversity
90
What is the basis of comparative biology?
1. structural
2. developmental
3. behavioural
91
When is imposing human attributes on animals (anthropomorphism) bad?
- it does not recognize species differences
- it is about unmeasurable things like feelings
92
What is anthropomorphism?
imposing human attributes to animals, essential to remember not to only use anthropomorphism alone when evaluating welfare
93
What is folk psychology?
ability to predict someones behaviour or emotions due to spending a lot of time with them
94
What is the definition of consciousness?
how things feel, you are conscious if you are having a subjective phenomenal experience
95
What are the two ordinary senses of consciousness applied to animals?
1. the senses of consciousness involved when a creature is awake rather than asleep
2. the sense of consciousness implicated in the basic ability of the organisms to perceive and thereby respond to selected features of their environments making them conscious or aware of those features
96
What two senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied to animals?
- self-consciousness
- phenomenal consciousness: subjective aspect of seeing the world, like what its like to see a colour
97
What are the three psychological domains
1. self awareness
- personal identity
- simplest form is physical
2. Metacognition
- ability to reflect on own thoughts and feelings, or chance of success
- uncertain responses
3. theory of mind
- perspective taking, modelling of others mental state
98
What is metamemory?
Analyzing memories
99
Can we directly measure animal welfare?
No
100
What are inputs and outputs of animal welfare?
input: feed, environment, housing etc.
output: behaviour, physiology, clinical health
101
What are the 4 areas of study for animal behaviour?
1. function
2. causation
3. ontogeny
4. evolution
102
What are the ABCs of animal behaviour?
Animal Behaviour =
Causation + Development + Evolution + Function
103
What are causal explanations?
refer to immediate, current factors that initiate, control and terminate the behaviour
104
What are developmental explanations?
accounts for an animals behaviour in terms of their previous experience, developmental stage, sequential changes in an individual across their lifespan
105
What are evolutionary explanations?
refers to genetic inheritances from previous generations
106
What are functional explanations?
refers to the beneficial consequences of the behaviour for the animal and how they outweigh any costs
107
What are the five methods of assessment for animal welfare?
1. behavioural observation
2. preference tests
3. work that an animal will do to gain what it wants or needs
4. work that an animal will do to escape unpleasant stimuli
5. deviations from normal behaviour
108
How to record/assess behavioural observations?
- frequency
- duration
- latency
- number of animals showing particular behaviour
109
What is habituation?
animals learn to cease responses to any stimuli or events which have no important or relevant outcomes
110
What is associative learning?
animals learn that certain stimuli may be associated with reward or punishment and modify their behaviour accordingly
111
What do preference tests give us information about?
animals choice or preference
112
Inelastic vs elastic demand?
inelastic - need the demand, essential for survival
elastic - don't need it
113
What is operant conditioning?
learned response to gain reward
114
What is an effective/adaptive behaviour?
if a behaviour works for an animal
115
What is an ineffective/maladaptive behaviour?
if a behaviour does not work
116
What does the sympathetic adrenal medullary system prepare the body for?
immediate physical activity
117
What type of measure is an ANS response?
acute measure
118
What type of measure is a pathological change?
chronic measure
119
What are the direct vs indirect characteristics of the autonomic nervous system?
direct: heart rate variability, blood pressure, body temp, resp rate, catecholamine levels
indirect: adrenal habituation, adrenal enzymes
120
What is heart rate variability?
HRV refers to the vagally mediated beat-to-beat change in heart rate
121
What is low HRV associated with?
impaired emotional and behavioural regulation and stress in animals
122
What are the arguments for and against heart rate variability?
- non-invasive: some implants are minimally invasive
- restraint is required when fitting/removing monitor
- minimal disturbance - only at the time of fitting
- age, sex, time of day
123
What is a good way to measure chronic welfare?
blood pressure
124
What is a complication of measuring blood pressure for welfare?
dominant individuals have higher bp
125
What are the arguments for and against blood pressure?
- somewhat invasive
- restraint is required
- high disturbance: cuff can cause stress
- agr, sex, time of day, temperament
126
How can body temp be used as a measure of welfare?
stress leads to changes in blood flow
127
What are two ways to measure internal body temperature?
thermometry or implanted data loggers/transmitters
128
What are two ways to measure peripheral temperature?
infrared thermography
subcutaneous integrated transponder tags
129
How are body temp records taken for birds
cloacally
130
What type of cycle does body temp follow?
diurnal cycle: depending on energy metabolism and activity type
131
What are the arguments for and against body temp measurement
- non-invasive - somewhat invasive - invasive
- restraint is required in some cases
- no disturbance or high disturbance
- external temp, time since stressor, time of day, season, breeding season, sex
132
What are some benefits to measuring resp rate?
assessment of present state
easy to observe
closely correlated with heart rate
133
What are the arguments for and against measuring resp rate?
- non-invasive
- no restraint
- no disturbance
134
What is catecholamines measurement of welfare?
adrenal medulla releases adrenaline (psychological stimuli) and noradrenaline (physical stimuli)
very acute measure
135
What are the arguments for and against catecholamine measurement?
- invasive
- restraint required
- no disturbance
136
What can bias measurements of welfare?
- activity, metabolism, timing of sample
- high and low responders, sex
- human presence, handling, restraint and sampling method
137
What is CRF?
cortico-tropin releasing factor
138
How are glucocorticoids measured?
concentration in blood plasma is commonly measured as an indicator for stressors, or can measure feces
139
What are the drawbacks of measuring glucocorticoid levels in blood?
- secretion of GC occurs in pulsing fashion
- can follow different rhythmic patterns
- stress from the sampling procedure can influence results
- single sample may be misleading
- sample volume available is sometimes a limiting factors
140
What are the advantages of glucocorticoid measurements in feces?
- samples easily collected
- minimal disturbance
- can be collected over a period of time
- feedback free sampling method
- more accurately reflect levels
141
What are the disadvantages of glucocorticoid measurements in feces?
- route and time course of excretion vary greatly among species
- metabolites formed and excreted ,ay also vary between species
142
What are three types of organ pathologies?
1. adrenal hypertrophy - due to prolonged activation of ANS and HPA systems
2. kidney lesions - due to either prolonged high blood pressure or urine retention
3. myocardial lesions - due to prolonged activation of sympathetic nervous system
143
What is the definition of disease?
any fdeviation or interruption of the normal structure function of any part organ or system of the body manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs whole etiology pathology and prognosis may be known or unknown, disease is not just illness or sickness, bu includes any departure from normal form and function
144
What are causes of disease?
- oxygen deficiency: one of most common
- physical agents: trauma, extreme heat/cold, damage cell and blood supply
- infectious agents: viruses, bacterial infection etc.
- nutritional deficiencies
- genetic derangement
- chemicals
- immunological dysfunction
- aging
- workload
145
How to adapt to disease?
modify behaviour
146
What are two things diseased animals do?
- have difficulty coping with their environment
- have a lower quality of life
147
What are the benefits of sickness behaviour?
sickness behaviour is proposed to constitute an adaptive strategy involving energy saving measures such as decreased locomotion, increased slow wave sleep etc...
148
What are the five hypothesis of the functional basis for anorexia?
1. induction of the response for the parasites benefit
2. reduced food intake starves parasite
3. reduced energetic efficiency leads to anorexia
4. anorexia enhances effective immune responses
5. anorexia leads to increased diet selectivity during infection
149
What is low productivity indicative of?
inadequate care and stress/illness, energy normally used for growth and repro will instead be used for the energetically demanding metabolic activity of the immune system
150
What can high productivity indicate?
worse welfare
151
What can analgesics be divided into?
1. opiods
2. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
152
What are the top two reason provided for lack of analgesics?
1. difficulties in recognizing pain
2. lack of knowledge about appropriate therapy
153
Farmers estimate of lameness prevalence is higher or lower than actual lameness prevalence?
lower
154
What is pain?
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage
155
What are the two components to pain?
1. nociception, physical hurt or discomfort caused by injury or disease
2. perception/emotional suffering
156
What occurs during release of chemicals during tissue damage?
chemicals stimulate free nerve ending that project to the spinal cord via a cell body in the dorsal root
157
Are joints more sensitive to pain than bones?
yes
158
What is the first sign of degenerative osteoarthritis in dogs?
reluctance to jump or climb stairs
159
What is osteochondritis dessicans?
erosion of the cartilage in a joint and the underlying bone
160
What is the greatest cause of pain?
inflammatory pain
161
What is:
dolor
calor
rubor
tumor
function laesa
dolor - pain
calor - heat
rubor - redness
tumor - swelling
function laesa - loss of function
162
How does ischaemic pain occur?
due to lack of blood flow from pressure on an artery
163
What are the two feeling created by electricity?
1. direct activation of nerves near contact point - travels to brain
2. muscle contraction
164
What are the three approaches to control pain
1. allow the animal to recover from anesthesia
2. in anticipation of pain on recovery, an analgesic is given before surgery is started
3. in anticipation of pain on recovery, an analgesic is given after completion of surgery but before recovery
165
What are three physiological responses to pain?
cardiovascular: elevations in the heart rate
respiratory: elevations in the respiratory rate
endocrine: various changes in stress hormones
166
What are the three main classes of behavioural changes?
1. pain specific behaviours
2. decline in the frequency or magnitude of certain behaviours
3. choice or preference tests
167
What are the 6 qualifications to recognize and assess pain?
1. Good knowledge of the species-specific behaviour
2. Knowledge and comparison of the individual animal’s behaviour
before and after the onset of pain (e.g. pre- and post-operative pain)
3. The use of palpation and manipulation of the affected area and assessment of the responses
4. Examination of the level of function of the affected area (leg use following injury/limb surgery
5. The use of analgesics or dose rates that have been shown to be effective in controlled clinical studies, and evaluation of the change in behaviour this brings about
6. A knowledge of the non-specific effects of an analgesic, anaesthetic or other drugs that have been administered
168
Can attentional shifts alter perception of pain?
yes
169
What are the challenges for pain management on farm?
- Methods of pain assessment are limited
* Availability of analgesics (and licensed for animal use)
* Limitation varies greatly in different countries
* Limitation varies depending on animal type
* Lack of clinical trials (unknown dosage)
* If animal products are for market use, further limits options
* Economicconsiderations
* Failure to appreciate importance & welfare significance of pain
170
Why is castration performed?
- reduce aggression
- improve handler safety
- reduce sexual behaviour
- avoid unwanted pregnancy
- improve meat quality
171
What are the three methods to castration?
surgical castration: removal of testicles making an incision into the scrotum
band or ring castration: constricting blood supply
burdizzo castration: crushing of the spermatic cord
172
What are some characteristics of tail docking?
- tails are removed without analgesia
- pain can be classified as either procedural or post-procedural
173
What is dehorning?
removes the horn and horn-producing tissue after horns have formed from the bud, sedation, local anesthesia, anti-inflammatory drugs
174
What is disbudding?
removes the horn bud and the horn-producing cells of the bud
175
What are two methods of disbudding?
chemical or hot-iron
176
What is beak trimming?
trimming of the beak to prevent feather pecking, both acute and chronic pain
177
What is mulesing?
reduce risk of parasitic flies laying eggs on soiled wool or open wounds, fold of skin in the breech region was raised and clamped with emasculator and the fold was removed with sharp knife
178
What is tooth clipping?
reducing the length of the teeth save the sows udder from laceration and reduce facial wounding among litter mates
179
What is dubbing?
removal of part of the comb/wattles from a bird
180
What are welfare inputs vs welfare outputs?
inputs - measures of the environment and resource, resource-based measurements
management, environment/housing, animal/genetic
outputs - measures of the animals responses, outcome-based measurements
behaviour, physiology, clinical health
181
What are the two things we need to consider when choosing welfare indicators?
practicability
reliability - repeatability, validity
182
What is validity?
meaningfulness of the parameter
183
How can we ensure validity?
test has to be validated using another, scientifically-accepted measurement
184
What are three issues when assessing input/output parameters?
- can they be summarized into one overall score?
- are some parameters more important than others?
- what is normal level for particular parameters
185
What are four things to consider when assessing a group of animals?
1. research: health and welfare monitoring, impact assessment of interventions
2. voluntary certification schemes
3. legislation, codes of practice
4. advisory, preventive medicine
