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World History > WH FINALS > Flashcards

WH FINALS Flashcards

1
Q

Pax Romana

A

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

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2
Q

Constantine

A

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)

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3
Q

Constantinople

A

City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire

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4
Q

Justinian

A

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

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5
Q

Hagia Sophia

A

New church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian

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5
Q

Eastern Orthodox

A

The Christian religion of the Byzantine Empire in the middle east that formed from Christianity’s schism between the remains of the western and eastern Roman Empire. The Christian church ruled by the Byzantine emperor and the patriarchs of various historically significant Christian centers/cities.

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6
Q

Justinian Code

A

The body of (mostly) Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor, Justinian around A.D. 534.

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7
Q

Theodora

A

the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantine Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constantinople and fight the Nike Revolt.

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8
Q

Roman Catholic Church

A

the Christian church headed by the pope in Rome

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8
Q

Martin Luther

A

criticized the Church’s sale of indulgences; eventually became more critical of the Church and was excommunicated; followers became known as Lutherans

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9
Q

Excommunication

A

officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Church

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9
Q

Heresy

A

belief or opinion contrary to religious (especially Christian) doctrine

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10
Q

Charles V

A

devout Catholic; Holy Roman Emperor; brought Luther to Worms to stand trial; declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic

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11
Q

Pope Leo X

A

excommunicated Martin Luther from the Catholic Church

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12
Q

Papal Bull

A

type of public order issued by a pope of the Catholic Church.

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13
Q

Peace of Augburg

A

agreement, signed in 1555, that declared that religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

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14
Q

Predestination

A

belief that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved

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15
Q

Protestant

A

name for the German princes who supported Luther’s ideas; term eventually applied to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches

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16
Q

95 Theses

A

document created by Martin Luther which sought to reform the Catholic Church

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17
Q

Wittenberg

A

German city in which Martin Luther began writing and speaking about his ides to reform the Church

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18
Q

St. Peter’s Basilica

A

church in Rome; money from sale of indulgences went to pay for repairs to this church

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19
Q

Indulgence

A

pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin

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20
Q

Johann Tetzel

A

Christian friar who was raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica by selling indulgences

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21
Q

Catholic (Counter) Reformation

A

the attempt by the Catholic Church to retain followers

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22
Q

Peasant Revolt

A

uprising of poor people in Germany who attempted to use Martin Luther’s words for their own gain

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23
Q

Henry VIII

A

created the Act of Supremacy, establishing himself - not the pope - as the head of the church of England

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24
Q

Queen Elizabeth I

A

set up Anglican Church in England, the only legal church in England; established a state church that moderate Catholics and Protestants might both accept

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25
Q

Anglicanism

A

believe that English monarch is head of Church

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26
Q

Printing Press

A

Invented in the mid-1400s in Germany; used to disseminate (send out) Martin Luther’s ideas throughout Europe

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27
Q

Vatican City

A

location in which St. Peter’s Basilica was built

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28
Q

Catherine of Aragon

A

Aunt of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; first wife of Henry VIII

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29
Q

Act of Supremacy

A

required that people of England take oath recognizing Henry VIII’s divorce from Catherine and accepting Henry VIII, not the pope, as the official head of England’s Church

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30
Q

Roman Catholicism

A

believe that Pope is head of Church

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31
Q

Geocentric Theory

A

earth-centered view of the universe

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32
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

a new way of thinking about the natural world; based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs

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33
Q

Heliocentric Theory

A

view of the universe in which the planets orbit the sun

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34
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

Polish astronomer who developed the heliocentric theory
“On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies”
written by Copernicus but not published until a year prior to his death for fear of ridicule or persecution

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35
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

mathematician who continued the work of Copernicus and concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion

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36
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

built on the new theories in astronomy and continued the work of Copernicus; came into conflict with the Catholic Church and remained publicly silent about his findings; stood trial before the court and eventually signed a confession; essentially saying that his ideas were wrong and that the Church was right

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37
Q

Scientific Method

A

logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas; begins with a question or problem arising from an observation

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38
Q

Isaac Newton

A

developed the theory of universal gravitation, which essentially linked motion in the heavens with motion on earth; theory was that every object in the universe attracts every other object

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39
Q

Renaissance

A

era of rebirth; renewed focus on classical ideas and human potential

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40
Q

Medici

A

wealthy and powerful ruling family in Florence

41
Q

Humanism

A

stress the potential value and goodness of human beings

42
Q

Classicism

A

following of ancient Greek or Roman principles and style in art and literature

43
Q

Secular

A

worldly

44
Q

Patron

A

wealthy supporter to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors

45
Q

Donatello

A

Italian sculptor who completed the life-sized bronze sculpture, David

46
Q

Leonardo Da Vinci

A

quintessential ‘Renaissance Man’ who was skilled as a painter, inventor, sculptor and architect

47
Q

Lorenzo de Medici

A

Italian statesman, de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic and the most powerful and enthusiastic patron of Renaissance culture in Italy

48
Q

Raphael

A

famous Italian painter famous for painting the “School of Athens, one of the most famous frescoes by the Italian Renaissance

49
Q

Perspective

A

technique in painting that refers to some objects in a painting appearing to be closer than other objects; based on optical illusion
(ren

50
Q

Vernacular

A

language spoken by the ordinary people in a particular region

51
Q

Petrarch

A

Humanist poet during the Renaissance

52
Q

Brunelleschi

A

Italian designer and a key figure in architecture who was recognized to be the first modern engineer, planner and sole construction supervisor; one of the founding fathers of the Renaissance

53
Q

Machiavelli

A

Italian philosopher who wrote a guidebook advising political leaders to win at all costs

54
Q

Gutenberg Bible

A

first major book printed using mass-produced type in Europe; ushered in the age of the printed book in the West

55
Q

Johannes Gutenberg

A

German printer of the fifteenth century who invented the printing press

56
Q

“The Prince”

A

name of the political guidebook written by Niccolo Machiavelli

57
Q

Florence

A

Italian city in which many Renaissance-era painters and artists flourished

58
Q

Merchants

A

Dominated politics in Italian city-states; did not inherit social rank, using wits to succeed in business; held strong belief in individual achievement

59
Q

Bubonic Plague

A

struck Italian city-states in the 1300s, killing up to 60% of the population

60
Q

Three-field system

A

agricultural innovation assisted the rise of towns and cities

61
Q

Crusades

A

name of the wars that were fought over possession of Jerusalem

62
Q

Francis of Assisi

A

monk who took a vow of poverty and left a life of luxury

63
Q

Hundred Years’ War

A

conflict led to the rise of nationalism and the decline of feudalism

64
Q

Charles Martel

A

expanded the Frankish empire while serving as mayor of the palace for the Merovingian dynasty

65
Q

Gothic architecture

A

style of architecture used flying buttresses, pointed arches, and stained glass windows

66
Q

Pope Urban II

A

promised the Crusaders a place in heaven if they died during the Crusades

67
Q

Guild

A

name of an association of people who worked at the same occupation, often in towns or cities

68
Q

Richard the Lion-Hearted

A

English king left his country to join the Crusades

69
Q

Spanish Inquisition

A

event in which Ferdinand and Isabella persecuted all non-Christians in Spain

70
Q

Feudalism

A

political system was based on loyalty, military service, and land

71
Q

Magna Carta

A

guaranteed basic rights to the nobles and limited the power of the king

72
Q

King John

A

Which ruler was forced to sign Magna Carta

73
Q

Battle of Hastings

A

What was the name of the conflict in which William the Conqueror won the English throne?

74
Q

Tithe

A

name of the church tax imposed on peasants

75
Q

Marriage to Eleanor of Aquitane

A

Henry II of England increased his French holdings after this event

76
Q

Charlemagne

A

first king to reunite western Europe following the fall of the western half of the Roman Empire

77
Q

Joan of Arc

A

French peasant who was led by the voices of saints to help France in the Hundred Years War

78
Q

Great Schism

A

event resulted from conflict between kings and popes over authority?

79
Q

Battle of Tours

A

conflict established Charles Martel as a defender of Christianity?

80
Q

Michelangelo

A

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

81
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

82
Q

Amerigo Vespucci

A

A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him.

83
Q

Jared Diamond (Guns, Germs, & Steel)

A

author/book attempts answer the question of why white Europeans have dominated since the 15th century (much of this is explained by favorable agriculture, therefore genetics evolved, etc.)

84
Q

Council of Trent

A

Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, forbade the sale of indulgences

85
Q

Jerusalem

A

A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews; fought over during the Crusades

86
Q

Ottoman Empire

A

Islamic state that was based in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922; encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

87
Q

Direct diffusion

A

when two cultures are geographically close to each other, resulting in intermarriage, trade, and even conflict (ex: exchange of art, music, and food - US+Mexico)

88
Q

Forced diffusion

A

when one culture has power over another and forces its own customs on the conquered people (ex: colonizers forcing indigenous people to adopt their religion)

89
Q

Indirect diffusion

A

when traits are passed from one culture to another culture, without the 1st and final cultures being in direct contact (ex: the presence of pizza in Indonesia, influenced by global media and the market created by tourists and transplants)

90
Q

Cultural Spread/Diffusion

A

transferring elements of culture between societies

91
Q

The Four Caliphs

A

the first 4 leaders of Islam that succeeded the prophet Muhammad

92
Q

The caliphate

A

the political and religious state of Muslims and their lands in their possession in the centuries after death of Muhammad

93
Q

The ruler of the caliphate

A

a caliph, who was the political successor of Muhammad

94
Q

Muslim agricultural revolution

A

Muslim traders introduced a variety of crops and farming techniques to Muslim lands. Muslim engineers developed new irrigation techniques for dry areas

95
Q

Ibn Rushd

A

was criticized for trying to blend Aristotle and Plato’s views with Islam, but argued that they both had the goal of finding the truth.

96
Q

Moses Ben Maimon

A

was a Jewish philosopher and physician who faced opposition for his ideas. He was the greatest Jew philosopher; blending philosophy, religion, and science in his book

97
Q

Idealman

A

East Persian derivation, Arabic faith, Iraqi education, Hebrew in astuteness, disciple of Christian conduct, as pious as Greek monk (Valued all cultures)

98
Q

The House of Wisdom

A

opened by Caliphal-Maimun; a combination library, academy, and translation center (texts from Greece, India, Persia, and elsewhere)

99
Q

Literature (islam)

A

themes of bravery, love, and generosity
The Qur’an was the standard of literature and poetry

100
Q

Women (islam)

A

less than men, but had more economic and property rights than most other women (European, Chinese, and Indian) (different roles for rich/poor)
However, over time their rights decreased

101
Q

al-Razi

A

greatest physician of Muslim world (wrote books)

102
Q

Al-khwarizni

A

created algebra

103
Q

Ibn al-Haytham

A

opticss

World History (5 decks)

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