WH MIDTERMS Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Abraham
A
Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God’s command; first monotheist
2
Q
Jesus
A
A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. He is the basis of the world’s largest religion.
3
Q
Moses
A
Led the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt; received the 10 commandments
3
Q
Muhammad
A
Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.
4
Q
New Testament
A
The second part of the Christian Bible, containing descriptions of the life and teachings of Jesus and of his early followers
5
Q
Covenant
A
A binding promise between humans and God in which mutual commitments are made.
6
Q
Mt. Sinai
A
Where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God
7
Q
Exodus
A
book in the Torah which recounts the story of the Hebrews leaving the land of Egypt
8
Q
Apostles
A
the 12 chosen disciples of Jesus who spread his teachings
9
Q
Mecca
A
City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion
10
Q
Qur’an
A
the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
11
Q
Salvation
A
acceptance into heaven
12
Q
Messiah
A
Anointed one/Savior sent by God
13
Q
Resurrection
A
Jesus’s rise from the dead
14
Q
Arabia
A
a peninsula in the Middle East
15
Q
Angel Gabriel
A
The angel who came to Muhammad and revealed messages from God
16
Q
Islam
A
A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran
17
Q
Judaism
A
the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud
18
Q
Shari’ah
A
a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad’s death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives
19
Q
Mosque
A
A Muslim place of worship
20
Q
Paul of Tarsus
A
important figure in the spread of Christianity after Jesus’s death
21
Q
Parable
A
A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson; used by Jesus to teach his followers
22
Q
Hajj
A
A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims
23
Q
Ramadan
A
(Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the Islamic month of Ramadan
24
Hongwu
First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry
25
Genghis Khan
Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.
26
Mandate of Heaven
in Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority
27
Chinese Geography
Isolated by many natural barriers. Civilization began along the Yellow river aka the Huang He river because of rich soil (loess) that floods it annually. They had the Yangtze river in the south.
28
Tang Dynasty
dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria
29
Gunpowder
The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.
30
Ming Dynasty
Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.
31
Song Dynasty
(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.
32
Grand Canal in China
The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.
33
Yuan Dynasty
(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.
34
Dynastic Cycle in China
Dynasty strong then becomes corrupt (civil war, high taxes, etc) - falls apart
A New Dynasty takes over (Mandate of Heaven)
35
Mauryan Empire
The first Indian empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 321 B.C.
36
Chandragupta Maurya
Founder of the Mauryan dynasty, the first empire in the Indian subcontinent who was a strict ruler with a massive army, a network of spies and was paranoid of assassination.
37
Asoka
Grandson of Chandragupta; most honored emperor for his commitment to spreading peace and prosperity to all; displayed his laws on stone pillars throughout his empire and built and improved roads for his people. He was Buddhist but accepted other religions; decline came after his death
38
Gupta Empire
Dynasty started by the Gupta family; considered the Golden Age of India, where art, literature, and trade spread greatly and many medical and mathematical advancements were made
39
Gupta Golden Age
Advancements in medicine (c-sections performed, plastic surgery, medicinal guides and inoculations), science (solar calendar, discovery that Earth is round), literature, art, and mathematics (concept of zero, pi, and decimal system)
40
Akbar
Most famous Muslim ruler of India during the Mughal Dynasty. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in arts and culture, for expanding the empire to 100 million people, and for his fair (graduated) tax
41
Shah Jahan
Jahangir's son; Mughal ruler who loved building mosques and forts, at the expense of his people starving. Heartbroken by the death of his wife, he built the Taj Mahal in her honor
42
Taj Mahal
A tomb built by Shah Jahan for his wife; took 22 years to build and almost bankrupted the empire
43
Silk Road
Network of trade routes, connecting China, India, and the Middle East to Rome. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.
44
Aryans
nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled
45
Vedas
Collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the various gods of the Aryans.
46
Kshatriya
The Hindu warrior caste.
47
Brahmin
in Aryan society, a member of the social class made up of priests
48
Dalits
Members of India's "lowest" caste; literally, "broken people." Also called "Untouchables."
49
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
50
Brahman
The term for The Universal Soul in Hinduism.
51
Brahma
A Hindu god considered the creator of the world.
52
Enlightenment
A state of perfect wisdom in which one understands basic truths about the universe and ends their suffering
53
Eightfold Path
In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering
54
Four Noble Truths
as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism
55
Dharma (Buddhism)
The teachings of the Buddha, and one of the Three Jewels of Buddhism
56
Nirvana (Buddhism)
ultimate reality/goal, the end of suffering
57
Moksha (Hinduism)
liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth
58
Confucius
(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.
59
Analects
The book that Kong Fuzi wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism.
60
Bantu
The people who spread throughout Africa spreading agriculture, language, and iron.
61
Aksum
A kingdom along the Red Sea today known as Ethiopia and Eritrea which grew wealthy from trade
62
Adulis
strategic trading port of the kingdom of Axum
63
Ghana
West African state that supplied the majority of the world's gold from 500 CE-1400's
64
Malian Empire
(West Africa, c.1230) established by Sundiata. Gold and salt trade enriched the Mali emperors.
65
Mansa Musa
Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.
66
Great Zimbabwe
City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.
67
Kilwa
A city-state found on east African coast(Zenj); fishing limited trade from 800-1000; turned to agriculture, increased trade in pottery and stoneware; major trading center by 14th century
68
Aztec Empire
Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.
68
Aztec Empire
Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.
69
Inca Empire
The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532
70
Torah
The first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe are by Moses
71
Old Testament
make up the first part of the Bible and history before the coming of Jesus Christ; acknowledge by Christians but not by Jews
72
Prophet
A person who speaks or interprets for God to other people
73
Jerusalem
A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.
73
Jerusalem
A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.
74
Ka'aba
A black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine; Muslims believe that Abraham built the Ka'ba as a shrine to honor God
75
Hijrah
Muhammad's migration from Mecca to (Yathrib) Medina
76
Christianity
A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior/messiah
77
Five Pillars
The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims
78
Shi Huangdi
founder of the Qin dynasty and China's first emperor
79
Kublai Khan
Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China
80
Yangtze River
Longest major river in China
81
Sui Dynasty
(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.
82
Tang Taizong
(627- 649) He reconquerored the northern and western land that China had since the decline of the Han Dynasty. He started the achievements of the Tang Dynasty.
83
Subcontinent
A large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent
84
Monsoons
Seasonal winds that bring flooding or droughts to India
85
Babur
Founded the Mughal dynasty in India; descendant of Genghis Khan; Brilliant general who expanded empire to north and central India
86
Aurangzeb
Jahan's son; who was a strict Muslim, who took away the rights of non-Muslims in his Empire. He spent lots of money on conquests, but the Empire reached its greatest extent, under his rule. He drained the empire of money, lost the loyalty of his subjects and the Mughal Empire collapsed after his death.
87
Reincarnation
In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding
88
Dharma (Hinduism)
In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties
89
Siddhartha Gautama
The prince who is said to have founded Buddhism.
90
Buddhism
Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.
91
Filial Piety
respect shown by children for their parents and elders
92
Griot
a member of a class of traveling poets, musicians, and storytellers who maintain a tradition of oral history in parts of West Africa.
93
Swahili city-states
dominated trade along the east African coast
94
Yucatan Peninsula
An area of land in Central America where the Mayan civilization settled.
95
Tenochitlan (Aztecs)
Capital of the Aztec Empire
96
Maya
Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.
97
Sapa Inca
The emperor of the Incan Empire. People believed that he was descended from the sun god.
