what are the contemporary patterns of global migration Flashcards
(21 cards)
difference between refugee and assylum seeker
refugee –> forced to flee country due to conflict, persecution or natural disaster. thjey have protection under international law
assylm seeker –> fled their home country and applied for assylm (protection) in another country but their claim has not yet been decided
emigration and immigration
em –> leaving someones home country to go to another to settle permanently
imm –> act of entering and settling in another country
examples of major migration flows across the world
asia –> N america and austrailia
uk –> austrailia, canada
south america –> north america
reasons for emigration
employment - most emigrants are working age
retirement - warmer cheaper countries
family reunification
growth of foreign born uk population
- 2004 –> 2014 increased from 5mill to 9 mill
- EU born migrants increased from 2016 –> brexit
- mostly non-eu migration fills the uk labour shortages today
- 2019 london had largest proportion of immigrants in uk 36%
- largest group from asia with 9% from india
reasons for migration to the uk - 2019 data and where they came from
2019, 612,000 ppl migrated to UK
- 25% had jobs before arrival
- 8% seeking work
- 35% full-time students
- 10% for family reunification
top 5 birth countries for UK migrants: India, poland, Pakistan, romania, ireland
difference between inter and intra regional migration
inter - different regions
intra - within one region
inter-regional migration examples
- migrants move from africa and middle east –> europe due to conflict, instability, poverty
- routes are dangerou espcially sea crossing via Libya to Italy or from north africa to spain
- in 2019 arrivals by sea to italy included: aprrox 600 Tunisia ppl and 500 pakistan people –> many of these were minors
migration routes to europe examples
west africa (Nigeria) through Libya –> EU
east africa (somalia, Sudan) –> EU
middle east (syria, afghan) –> EU
Mediterranean migration route examples
3 main routes used by migrants entering EU from Africa and Asia
1. central Mediterranean route: Libya to itlay
2. western mediterranean route: from west. Africa to Spain - via canary islands
3. eastern mediterranean route: turkey to greece
- when passing through Niger, Algeria, Egypt and sudan, migrants experience extreme hardship and exploitation
- key hubs like malta are critical points of arrival
directional types of flows
- south –> north
- eg Mexico–> USA // India –> UK
- causes: better wages, healthcare, education - south –> south
- now equal to south –> north due to development of southern countries
- EG Bangladesh –> india // Myanmar –> Thailand
- causes: close proximity, cultural or religious ties, lower costs, fewer legal barriers - north –> north
- highly skilled leabour flows
- eg UK –> Germany // US –> Canada
- professionals in tech/ medicine/ business - internal
- 60% of all migration is within countries eg china and india have over 100 million rural-urban migration - supporting industrialisation and development
remittances
- india recieved $111 billion in remittances 2022 - highest in world
- Mexico got $61 billion mostly form us
- nepal remittances accounted for 27% of gdp
–> reduce poverty, fund healthcare etc….
how does migration cause stability
- returing migrants bring back new ideas, promote equality and encourage democratic values
- countries with large young migrant populations eg UAE - benefit from ageing populations rebalancing
how does migration cause economic growth
fills skills gaps
- Filipino nurses in the UK
- Indian IT specialists in USA
- migrants contribute to GDP, pay taxes, consume local goods - stimulates economic growth in host economies
how does migration cause development
- returnees promote entrepreneurship
- invest in local businesses
- support diaspora networks
- educated migrants promote ‘circular migration’ model –> bringing back skills and capital
how does migration cause inequalities
- brain drain –> akilled proffesionals leave LIDCs –> eg 35k nigerian doctors work abroard
- access is unequal - migrants from poorer backgriounds face exploitation, smuggling, dangerous crossing, trafficking
- destination countries experience social tension - espcially in areas with poor inntegration policies.
the lee migration model
shows the decision making process behind migration
1. Push factors – negative features of the origin (e.g. war, poverty).
- Pull factors – attractive features of destination (e.g. jobs, safety).
- Intervening obstacles – barriers to migration (e.g. cost, language, visas).
- Personal factors – individual attitudes to risk, family ties
whats the world ban migration typology
classifies migrants by reason and skill match with host country needs
1. economic migrants (strong skill match) – e.g. Indian software engineers in Canada.
- Economic migrants (weak skill match) – e.g. informal labourers with little protection in construction.
- Refugees with skills in demand – e.g. Syrian doctors in Germany.
- Distressed migrants – fleeing persecution or poverty with no skills match.
–> Helps evaluate migration policies – e.g. which types of migrants are helped or excluded.
Intra-Regional Migration in the EU
key corridors
- poland –> uk
- romania –> Spain
- bulgaria –> germany
- reasons: wage differences, job availability, lack of visa restrictions
- impacts: fills skills gaps, contributes taxes, boosts economy
- origin - risks of brain drain but remittances help
Recent Conflict-Induced Migration
- ukraine 2022-2024
- around 14 mill displaced
- 6.5 mill fled to eu - Syria: 5.6 million refugees + 6.6 million IDPs.
- Sudan: conflict + climate shocks = increasing refugee flows to Egypt and South Sudan.
uk recent migration policy updates
post brexit point system
- Applicants need job offer + salary over £38,700.
- Prioritises high-skill sectors (STEM, healthcare).
