What Causes it?

Question 1

gastro-oesopheageal reflux (risk factors)

Answer 1

Risk factors:
Obesity
Smoking
Alcohol
Smoking

Fatty food –> causes fatty oesophageal sphincter

Big meals, tight clothes, being overweight –> cause increased intra-abdominal pressure

Question 2

peptic ulcer disease (risk factors)

Answer 2

• H.pylori!!!
• NSAIDs
• pepsin
• smoking
• alcohol
• bile acids
• steroids
• stress
• changes in gastric mucin consistency

Question 3

acute GI bleed

Answer 3

Peptic ulcers (commonest cause)

Oesophageal varices (10-20%)

Oesophagitis/gastritis (5-10%)

Mallory-Weiss syndrome (5-10%)

Oesophageal/gastric cancer (uncommon)
Swallowing blood from nosebleed

Bleeding after PCI (angioplasty with stent)

Question 4

Ulcerative Colitis (type of IBD)

Answer 4

Polygenic predisposition, environmental factors

Inflammation of the rectum extends proximally to affect a variable length of continuous colon

Question 5

Crohn’s
(type of IBD)
(risk factors)

Answer 5

unknown cause

risk factors include:
autoimmune disease
genetics

Question 6

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

risk factors

Answer 6

risk factors:
family history (1st degree relative)
alcohol
fatty/ spicy food
psychosocial factors
drugs e.g. antibiotics

Question 7

infective gastroenteritis

Answer 7

viral is commonest cause in kids, rare in adults

bacterial in adults

Question 8

Acute pancreatitis

Answer 8

GET SMASHED

Gall stones (most common)
Ethanol (alcohol, most common in Europe)
Trauma

Steroids
Mumps
Autoimmune disease
Scorpion bite
Hypercalcaemia/triglyceridaemia/thermia
ERCP (x-ray endoscope to diagnose and treat organ problems)
drugs

Question 9

Chronic Pancreatitis

Answer 9

Chronic Alcohol Excess

Genetic (e.g. cystic fibrosis)
Obstructive (e.g. pancreatic cancer)
Metabolic (e.g. raised triglycerides)

Question 10

What does a high triglyceride level indicate

Answer 10

pancreatitis

usually how high triglycerides presents

Question 11

What is ERCP and what is it a risk factor for

Answer 11

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

i.e x-ray endoscope which diagnoses and treats problems with the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts and pancreas

Question 12

Gallstones

Answer 12

Unknown cause but may result when the bile has a high concentration of:

• cholesterol
• bilirubin

or when the gallbladder doesnt empty correctly causing concentrated bile

Question 13

Acute Hepatitis

Answer 13

Viral infection most commonly spread via eating/ drinking something with faecal matter

doesnt spread through sneezing/ coughing

Question 14

Appendicitis

Answer 14

caused by something blocking the appendix

possible causes:

• faeces
• foreign body
• cancer

this results in infection

Question 15

Small Bowel Obstruction

Answer 15

Scar tissue after surgery (aka adhesions)
Hernias
Colon cancer

in kids most common cause is intussusception (telescoping effect of intestine)

another type of cause is paralytic ileus where muscles/ nerve problems disrupt the flow of food- this is called a pseudo-obstruction

Question 16

Large Bowel Obstruction

Answer 16

AS SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION

Scar tissue after surgery (aka adhesions)
Hernias
Colon cancer

in kids most common cause is intussusception (telescoping effect of intestine)

another type of cause is paralytic ileus where muscles/ nerve problems disrupt the flow of food- this is called a pseudo-obstruction

Question 17

Femoral Hernia

risk factors

Answer 17

Overweight

Overstraining during coughing, exercising, passing stool

Question 18

Inguinal Hernia (risk factors)

Answer 18

Weakness in muscles of the abdominal wall

overweight
straining/ heavy lifting