What Goes Around, Comes Around Flashcards

(24 cards)

1
Q

Why is it important to prevent the transmission of microorganisms in healthcare?

A
  • Economic burden on NHS and economy as a whole
  • Additional length of patient stay in hospital
  • Risks to healthcare staff
  • Increased morbidity and mortality
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2
Q

Give examples of gram positive antibiotic resistant organisms.

A
  • Meticillin Resistant S.aureus (MRSA)
  • Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
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3
Q

Give examples of gram negative antibiotic resistant organisms.

A
  • Extended Spectrum -Lactamse producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL producer).
  • Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE).
  • Carbapenemase producing Pseudomonas.
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4
Q

What type of infection is the highest reported hospital acquired infection?

A
  • Respiratory infections
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5
Q

In which patients are health care associated infections (HCAIs) an issue?

A
  • Patients with chronic disease
  • Patients with invasive medical devices
  • In the elderly population
  • In patients who are immunosuppressed
  • In patients undergoing more complex procedures
  • HCAIs are also an issue due to increasing antibiotic resistance
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6
Q

Describe the chain of infection.

A
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7
Q

Describe contact transmission and give examples of diseases which can be spread in this way.

A
  • Direct or indirect contact via fomites or ingestion.
    • Blood borne viruses
    • Diarrhoea
    • MRSA
    • C. difficile
    • Group A Strep
    • N. gonorrhoea
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8
Q

Describe droplet transmission and give examples of diseases which can be spread in this way.

A
  • Droplet transmission
    • N. meningitis
    • Norovirus
    • Diptheria
    • Pertussis
    • Pneumonic plague
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9
Q

Describe aerosol transmission and give examples of diseases which can be spread in this way.

A
  • Airborne transmission
    • ​TB
    • Chickenpox
    • Influenza
    • Viral haemorrhagic fever
    • Measles
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10
Q

What are the precautions which must be taken to prevent contact transmission?

A
  • For patients infected / colonised with organisms transmitted by direct or indirect contact.
    • Sydrome:
      • Gastroenteritis
      • Fever in patient returned from the tropics
    • Specific organism:
      • C. difficile
      • MRSA
      • S. pyogenes
  • Single room if possible
  • Gloves
  • Aprons
  • Disposable marks / eye protection if at risk of splashes
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11
Q

What are the precautions which must be taken to prevent droplet transmission?

A
  • For organisms transmitted in droplets (>0.5µm).
  • These travel only short distances.
    • Syndromes:
      • Meningism
      • Fever with cough
      • Fever with rash
      • Vomiting
    • Specific organisms:
      • N. meningitis
      • Mumps
      • Rubella
  • Single room if possible
  • Wear surgial mask when within touching distance (1 metre) of the patient or cough inducing procedure.
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12
Q

What are the precautions which must be taken to prevent airborne transmission?

A
  • Particles <5µm.
  • Can be widely dispersed, e.g. TB, chickenpox, measles, Flu.
  • Wear FFP3 mask for all aerosol generating procedures.
    • Syndromes:
      • Influenza-like illness
    • Specific organisms:
      • TB
      • Measles
  • Single room
  • Apron
  • Gloves
  • High efficiency filter mask
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13
Q

Describe how infection can be established in normal healthy hosts.

A
  • Microbes with specific mechanisms for attachment and penetration of host’s body surfaces.
  • Microbes introduced into host by biting arthropods.
  • Microbes introduced into host via skin wounds or animal bites.
  • Microbes able to infect only when host defences are impaired.
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14
Q

What are the 3 key factors which transmission of microorganisms depends upon?

A
  • The number of microorganisms shed
  • The number of micro-organisms required to infect a fresh host (the efficiency of the infection)
  • The micro-organism’s stability in the environment
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15
Q

List the different mechanisms of human-to-human transmission and give examples of each.

A
  • Respiratory
    • TB, influenza, common cold
  • Faeco-oral
    • Cholera, shigellosis
  • Venereal
    • Chlamydia, HIV, papilloma virus
  • Skin
    • Ringworm, S. aureus
  • Perinatal
    • HIV, meningitis, conjunctivitis
  • Semen
    • HIV, Hep B, cytomegalovirus
  • Blood
    • HIV, Hep B, malaria
  • Breast milk
    • HIV
  • Saliva
    • EBV, herpes simplex virus (HSV)
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16
Q

Give examples of invertebrate vectors and the diseases they transmit.

A
  • Invertabrate vectors
    • Arthropods
      • Malaria, sleeping sickness, yellow fever
    • Shellfish
      • Hep A, cholera
17
Q

Give examples of vertebrate vectors and the diseases they transmit.

A
  • Vertebrate vectors
    • Mammals
      • Rabies, leptospirosis, tapeworm
    • Birds
      • Psittacosis
      • Salmonella
18
Q

What are nosocomial infections?

A
  • Infections acquired during a hospital stay
  • Major public health concern
  • Antibiotic resistance
    • C. dif
    • Staph. aureus
  • Good hygeins and sanitation are vital in infection prevention and control.
19
Q

What is fomite transmission?

A
  • Transmission via inanimate objects:
    • Door handles
    • Cutlery
    • Computer keyboards
    • Clothing
    • Phones
    • Pens
    • Etc…
20
Q

What is an endemic?

A

Disease present in a community at all times; at a relatively low to medium frequency but at a steady state.

21
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

Sudden severe outbreak within a region or a group.

22
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

Occurs when an epidemic becomes widespread and affects a whole region, a continent, or the entire world.

23
Q

What causes a pandemic?

A
  • Antigenic shift
  • ost people have no immunity
  • Attack rate is high - it spreads rapidly
  • Mortality can be high
24
Q

What is a notifiable disease?

A
  • Any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities.
  • Allows the authorities to monitor the disease.
  • Provides early warning of possible outbreaks.