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Psychology > Whatever Unit 1 Was > Flashcards

Whatever Unit 1 Was Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

The study of behavior and mental processes; both a combination of biological and mental

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2
Q

Mental Processes

A

Internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior— sensations, perception, dreams, thoughts, and feelings

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3
Q

Sensations

A

Senses— body receiving signals and stimulus

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4
Q

Perception

A

Brain interprets information (perceive things as emotions)

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5
Q

Socrates and Plato

A

Minds born with certain, innate knowledge needing to be unlocked. Nature.

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6
Q

Aristotle

A

Knowledge and habits through observation and experience. Nurtutre

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7
Q

Descartes

A

Animal brains had “animal spirit” that traveled and commanded muscle movement— element dictated behavior (unit 1 me really loved m dashes). Nature

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8
Q

Bacon

A

We organize and make patterns of everything— even random things. Nurture

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9
Q

Loke

A

We are blank slates and our surroundings and experiences shape us. Nurture

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10
Q

Nature

A

We are innately born with our knowledge and/or mind

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11
Q

Nurture

A

Our knowledge and mind are shaped by our environment

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12
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Turned psych into a field of science by studying reaction time— speed of sand

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13
Q

Structuralism

A

Finding the structural elements of the mind. Mental processes. Wundt started it

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14
Q

Functionalism

A

Ideas influenced by evolution and biological inheritance on mind and behavior. Functions/purpose of consciousness. Williams James

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15
Q

Sigmond Freud

A

A physisian and heard about colleagues curing mental illness by listening to their thoughts and problems. Made the whole psychoanalytic thing. The whole unconscious mind. The ID. The Ego. The Superego. Defense Mechanisms. More on this in a later unit.

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16
Q

Behaviorism

A

Learning behaviors in response to stimuli and situations. Started with Ivan Pavlov and his doggy

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17
Q

John B. Watson

A

Sherlock’s sidekick. Experimented on animals’ and children’s behavior and responses to stimuli

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18
Q

BF Skinner

A

Scary name. Trained animal and human behavior through controlled stimuli and their consequences

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19
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Subject taught to associate two things that aren’t normally linked

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20
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Dog guy. Associations could be learned

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21
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Adding or taking away things to change a behavior. Positive and negative reinforecement and punishment

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22
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Humanistic

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23
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

acceptance and introspection could alleviate many of the issues that plagued patients who were lacking in emotional & social needs. perception and behavior were driven by internal, human motives. human emotional and basic needs, such as love and a sense of belonging

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24
Q

Cognitive psychologists

A

focused more on the mental processes of the brain:
how we process and retain information (sometimes called the Cognitive Rev.)

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25
Q

Domain: Biological

A

how brain activity and circuits affect our behaviors or causes emotion, and how these emotions & moods can affect behaviors (i.e., you act differently when happy)

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26
Q

Domain: Clinical

A

assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders (e.g. clinical psychologist: Dorothea Dix opened up the first mental asylums)

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27
Q

Domain: Cognitive

A

study of all the mental abilities associated with knowing, remembering, thinking, and communicating (often analyzes brain activity with equipment)

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28
Q

Domain: Counseling

A

professionals who help people to cope with crises and/or help people adjust to life transitions or make lifestyle changes (i.e., divorce, marriage, loss)

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29
Q

Domain: Developmental

A

study of changing abilities from womb to tomb (how we progress from infancy, to childhood, to adolescence, to adulthood mentally and behaviorally)
Example: Jean Piaget (most renowned developmental psychologist)

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30
Q

Domain: Educational

A

the methods and influences on teaching and learning

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31
Q

Domain: Experimental

A

a diverse group of scientists who study behavior via experimental and observation in humans and animals

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32
Q

Domain: Positive

A

seeks to encourage acceptance of one’s past, excitement and optimism about one’s future experiences

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33
Q

Domain: Industrial-organizational

A

the use psychological concepts and methods to select employees, boost morale, design products, and better business functioning

34
Q

Domain: Personality

A

deals with investigating and logging persistent traits and consistent characteristics / behaviors of people across time (i.e., temperament, interests, etc.)

35
Q

Domain: Psychometric

A

a domain that can be applied to any domain or field as it is a form of measurement for the abilities, attitudes, and traits of human beings
Example: intelligence and personality tests

36
Q

Domain: Psychodynamic

A

the study of how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and use of that info to treat psychological disorders (i.e., modern Freudians)

37
Q

Domain: Psychodynamic

A

the study of how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and use of that info to treat psychological disorders (i.e., modern Freudians)

38
Q

Domain: Social

A

how expressions of emotions vary across cultural and situational contexts (i.e., cataloging and explaining how or why people act in different social and cultural situations)

39
Q

Contemporary Psychology

A

shifted towards studying the interactions of physiological (biological) and cognitive processes

40
Q

Evolutionary

A

some behaviors are inherited

41
Q

Biopsychosocial

A

the interactions of genes, mood and personality, and social factors (culture, family, socioeconomic status) all interact to determine behavior

42
Q

Cognitive

A

understanding how the brain and its mental processes work (memory, learning, etc.)

43
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

our drive to group things into larger parts, and see in sequence or as a whole

44
Q

Experiments

A

confirm consistent, repeatable results

45
Q

Intuitions

A

our internal feelings or compulsions
that are usually wrong

46
Q

Biases

A

tendency to favor or support only our narrow views

47
Q

Theories

A

explanations that organize observations and predict outcomes (an overarching idea)

48
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable prediction related to a theory (confirmed or unconfirmed by experiment)

49
Q

Operational Definitions

A

exact procedures so the experiment can be replicated

50
Q

Correlation Studies

A

how two factors are linked, and can predict one another

51
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time. For example, a cross-sectional study can be conducted on males and females between the ages 24-35 to check for spending or purchase trends

52
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

observational research method in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time

53
Q

Surveys

A

a questionnaire that self-reports the anonymous behaviors and characteristics of a certain group

54
Q

Naturalistic Observations

A

unhindered observations of animals or people in their natural environment

55
Q

Case Studies

A

one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing some universal truth

56
Q

Experimental Group

A

group exposed to the treatment

57
Q

Control Group

A

group NOT exposed to the treatment in an experiment

58
Q

Double-Blind

A

where both research participants and staff are unaware of which group has the placebo (sugar pill), and which has the treatment (zinc)

59
Q

Bar Graphs

A

bar graph with gaps representing categories and numerical values

60
Q

Histogram

A

bar graph with no gaps depicting frequency distribution (all numerical)

61
Q

Scatterplots

A

a graph cluster of two variables, w/ slope suggesting relationship (positive, negative, or none)

62
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups

63
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

64
Q

Positive Skew

A

a right skew distribution due to a long tail on the positive direction on a number line.

65
Q

Negative Skew

A

represented by a skew in data to the left

66
Q

Bimodal

A

frequency distribution is a dataset that
contains two peaks

67
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

“I knew it all along”

68
Q

Central Tendencies

A

central or typical value for a probability distribution.

69
Q

Mode

A

most frequently occurring score

70
Q

Mean

A

Average score

71
Q

Median

A

the middle score in a distribution (half above, half below)

72
Q

Range

A

difference between highest and lowest scores

73
Q

Standard Deviation

A

measure of how much scores vary around the mean (square root of sum of deviations divided by the number of scores)

74
Q

Confounding Variables

A

undesired variables that can impact the data, and, unless controlled for, skew and/or ruin the research findings

75
Q

Control Variables

A

anything that remain constant or controlled by the experimenter

76
Q

Statistical Significance

A

the likely probability that chance was not responsible for the results of a study

77
Q

Randomly Selected

A

A representative sample must be this. From a diverse population

78
Q

Psychological Institutions

A

The American Psychological Association and British Psychological Society determine the ethics and procedures, and requires compliance from any prospective experimenters

79
Q

Federal Regulations

A

While many piece of legislation dictate the interactions of medical information, the HIPAA Privacy Rule requires that physicians (mental & physical) keep patient information confidential

80
Q

Universities

A

Local institutional review boards – screen research proposals and safeguards participant’s well-being at each institution, adhering to the policies of the APA, BPS, and federal gov.

81
Q

Animal Rights

A

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee - a federally mandated committee in the United States that oversees its institution’s animal program, facilities, and procedures. Every institution that uses animals for federally funded laboratory research must have an IACUC

82
Q

Requirements for Experimentation

A

1) Obtain informed consent (APA and BPS)
2) Protect from physical harm or discomfort
3) Keep information about participants confidential
4) Fully debrief people afterwards

Psychology (6 decks)

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