White Blood Cells Flashcards
Granulocytes-Eosinophil, what do they fight
defence against parasites, regulation of hyper-sensitivity
Granulocytes- Basophils, what’s in their granules and what does this combat
it’s granules contain histamine, heparin and proteolytic enzymes. Vs hyper-sensitivity in which IgE-coated Basophils release histamines.
Granulocytes- Neutrophils, type of nucleus, mechanisms for phagocytosis
segmented nucleus, phagocytosis, chemotaxis, 2 mechanisms: super oxide dependent- release of reactive O2 species (respiratory burst) which gives substrate for myeloperoxidase, releasing toxic substance
OR O2 independent= variety of anti-microbial release
Monocytes and macrophages, what do they do and how are they linked
- chemotaxis, phagocytosis and antigen presentation for lymphoid cells. 2. phagocytosis and scavenging function, store and release iron
Lymphoid cells- T cells from Thymus, the 2 types and their roles
CD4=helper T, releases cytokines (IF) which increases synthesis of antibodies
CD8=cytotoxic T, destroys virus infected cells
Lymphoid cells- B cells, how they form varied immunoglobins and what they develop into
in fœtus gène réarrangement of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains= production of surface immunoglobulins vs antigens
Turn into antibody producing plasma cells
Lymphoid cells- Natural killer cells
innate, kill tumour and virus infected cells
Abnormalities- Neutrophilia, symptoms and causes
Symptoms- left shift, more non segmented neutrophils, more neutrophil precursors
Causes- infection, inflammation, myeloproliferative disorders eg CML, pregnancy, post exercise
Abnormality- Neutropenia, symptoms and causes
chemo/radiotherapy, autoimmune, severe infections, benign ethnic neutropenia in africans, hypersegmentation due to lack of B12/folate
Abnormality- Lymphocytosis, example of it in kids, discuss the two types of leukaemia this is present it
response to virus, whooping cough in kids, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia shown by smudge/smear lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes (more lobed) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia= more lymphoblasts which dont mature into lymphocytes, impairing haemopoiesis, lymphoblasts circulate in blood. Acute conditions are severe and sudden, for treatment give RBC, platelets, antibiotics and chemo
Chronic myeloid leukaemia, discuss how and why, and cures
ABL 1 gêne encodes tyrosine kinase, BCR on chrom22 swaps with ABL1, therefore ABL1-BCR encodes protein with uncontrolled tyrosine kinase=leukaemia clone, abnormally short chrom22=Ph chrom, symptoms=splénomégaly, cure= tyrosine kinase inhib
