Wildlife nut Flashcards by Trevor Laffoon

Energy metabolism, all metabolic transformations.

Phosphorus

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Blood clotting, egg shell formation, muscle contraction, skeletal formation.

Calcium

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Retarded growth, osteoporosis, rickets, eggshell thinning, reduced antler growth.

Calcium deficiency

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Loss of appetite, pica, rickets, weakness/death.

Phosphorus deficiency

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Abnormal eating habits

Pica

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Bone disease, reduction in bone strength.

Osteoporosis

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Softening and weakening of bones

Rickets

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Excess of phosphorus, lower levels of calcium lead to calcium resorption from the bones.

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

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Another name for nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Metabolic bone disease.

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Bone meal, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate (limestone).

Calcium and Phosphorus supplements.

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Regulation of body fluid volume and osmolarity, necessary for growth and reproduction.

Sodium

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Steroid hormone that stimulates potassium excretion and sodium absorption and retention by the kidney, sweat/salivary glands, and GI mucosa.

Aldosterone

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Corneal keratinization, gonadal inactivity, adrenal hypertrophy, hypovolemic shock/death.

Sodium deficiency

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High levels of precipitation lead to:

low levels of sodium in the environment

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Salt licks, aquatic plants, burnt wood, soil.

Sodium supplements

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Balances sodium on outside of cell, carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activation, osmotic regulation.

Potassium

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Reduces availability and retention of elements such as sodium or magnesium, leading to a deficiency of those elements.

Excess potassium.

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Muscle weakness, cardiorespiratory weakness/failure, tubular degeneration of kidneys.

Potassium deficiency

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Essential constituent of bones and teeth, enzyme activation relative to energy metabolism.

Magnesium.

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Vasodilation, hyperirritability, convulsions, soft tissue calcification, defective bones and teeth.

Magnesium deficiency

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Magnesium ammonium phosphate.

Struvite crystals

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Grass tetany/staggers.

Magnesium deficiency.

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acid-base relations, gastric acidity, and digestion.

Chloride

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Hemoconcentration, dehydration, nervous disorders.

Chloride deficiency

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Development of growing neonate's hemoglobin, myoglobin.

Iron

Anemia, whitish discoloration of underfur.

Iron deficiency

Iron supplement injections, geophagia, mineral licks.

Iron supplements.

Enlargement of the thyroid.

Goiter (Iodine deficiency and excess)

Fresh beef or freshwater fish are low, liver and marine fish are high.

Iodine

Cabbage, kale, Brussel sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, turnips, soybeans.

Goitrogenic plants.

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

Iodine.

Red meat low; liver, heart, brain, and kidney much higher.

Copper.

Calcium, cadmium, zinc, iron, lead, silver, molybdenum, sulfur can all interfere with absorbing:

Copper.

Anemias, faded coat color.

Copper deficiency.

Achromotrichia (hair color loss) and alopecia.

Copper deficiency due to excess zinc.

Copper sulfate, copper glycinate, liver, slow release copper.

Copper supplementations.

Reduced growth and feed intake, parakeratosis (keratinization of tongue epithelium), alopecia.

Zinc deficiency.

Solubilized from galvanized pails, pipes, troughs, or cages.

Zinc supplementations

Glutathione peroxidase.

Selenium

White muscle disease.

Selenium deficiency.

Glutathione peroxidase activates after 20-30 days following:

Selenium supplementation.

Alkali disease or blind staggers. Hoof sloughing, heart atrophy, cirrhosis of liver, blindness.

Selenium toxicity.

Osteomalacia.

Excess fluoride levels, decreased calcium levels.

Capture myopathy.

Selenium.

Broken, pitted, blackened teeth, abnormal wear due to softening of teeth, fractures of teeth or jaw bones.

Fluoride toxicity.

Proper formation of cartilaginous matrix of bone.

Manganese.

Improper bone formation and growth.

Manganese deficiency.

Calcium and phosphorus reduce its absorption.

Manganese.

Liver consumption in young raptors.

Manganese.

Induces copper deficiencies.

Molybdenum.

Fat soluble vitamins.

Vitamin A, D, E, K

Liver (primary source and storage), fat, cod liver oil.

Sources of Vitamin A

Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid.

Vitamin A

Internal hemorrhaging, yellow discoloration of liver, deformed embryos, bone fractures.

Hypervitaminosis A

Antirachitic

Cures/prevents rickets

Improper or inadequate calcium metabolism

Vitamin D deficiency

Ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol.

Vitamin D

Sun exposure

Vitamin D

Retarded bone growth, increases bone resorption, bone deformities, promotes cellular degeneration, calcification of soft tissues.

Hypervitaminosis D

Keeps fat from breaking down, preventing lipid peroxidation (antioxidant).

Vitamin E

Tocopheryl acetate.

Vitamin E

Frozen storage of fish, evisceration of fish prior to feeding leads to:

Vitamin E deficiency

Fat reserves are site of greatest storage.

Vitamin E

Hemorrhaging and death due to reducing blood platelets and clotting time.

Hypervitaminosis E

Antihemorrhagic vitamin, synthesis of require blood clotting proteins.

Vitamin K

Phylloquinone and menaquinone.

Vitamin K

Water soluble vitamins

Thiamin, Vitamin C, various Vitamin B (riboflavin, etc)

Many species of fish have this which inhibits thiamin.

Thiaminase.

Large amounts of thiaminase lead to:

Thiamin deficiency.

Dietary variety, thiamin supplement given away from potential thiaminase.

Thiamin supplementation.

Ascorbic acid.

Vitamin C

Some species can synthesize this in the liver while others cannot synthesize at all.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin c)

Green plants and fleshy fruits.

Source of Vitamin C

Essential fatty acids

Linoleic, arachidonic, linolenic, eicosapentaenoic acids.

Cats require 2 fatty acids.

Linoleic and arachidonic acids.

Green plants, animal fat, some seed oils.

Linoleic acid sources

meat, liver, milk, some seafoods.

Arachidonic acid sources.

Lion needs 4 supplements.

Vitamin A, taurine, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid.

0 kcal/g energy

Water, sodium chloride.

4.1-4.2 kcal/g dry

Wheat corn

4.1 kcal/g dry

Millet

4.4 kcal/g dry, 1.3 kcal/g wet

Grass

5.9 kcal/g

Sunflower seed kernels

6.1 kcal/g

peanuts

6.5 kcal/g

walnuts

7.2 kcal/g, 8.8 kcal/g dry

Butter

8.4 kcal/g dry

vegetable oils

2.7 kcal/g fresh, 6.95 kcal/g dry

steak

0.72 kcal/g fresh, 5.54 kcal/g dry

whole cow's milk

5.88 kcal/g fresh, 8.4 kcal/g dry

hooded seal milk

Amount of energy required to raise 1g of water 1 degree Celsius

Calorie

5.4 kcal (4.1 kcal/g usable)

Protein

9 kcal

Fat

4 kcal

Carbs

Amino acids to remember

Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Threonine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Valine, Taurine.

Wildlife nut Flashcards

(95 cards)