Wildlife Therapeutics Flashcards
(59 cards)
1
Q
Etorphine, Carfentanil, Thiopfentanyl
A
- Ulta-potent opioid
- 1,000 - 10,000 x more potent than morphine
- AEs: resp depression, muscle rigidity, reduced physiological response to hypoxaemia/hypercapnia, vasoconstriction (systemic + pul), inc HP/BP
- Sedation
- Overdose -> euth
- Toxic to humans, schedule 2 drug, don’t use in blowpipes
2
Q
ACP
A
- Phenothiazine
- Dopamine receptor antagonist
- Sedative
3
Q
Azaperone
A
- Butyrophenone
- Sedative
- Can be used in combo w/ butorphanol + medetomidine
4
Q
Medetomidine, detomidine, xylazine
A
- Alpha-2 agonist
- Sedative -> anaesthetic agents
- AEs: reduced HR/RR, inc risk regurgitation in ruminants
5
Q
Ketamine, Tiletamine
A
- Dissociative anaesthetics
- Give in combo w/ sedative or central muscle relaxant for immobilisation
- Cannot be antagonised
- AEs: excitation, inc HR/BP, apnoea, lowered seizure threshold, corneal drying, dysphoria if reversing other drugs
6
Q
Zolazepam, Midazolam
A
- Benzodiazepine
- Central muscle relaxant
- Pre-anaesthetic/sedation
- Use in combo w/ dissociate anaesthetic for immobilisation
7
Q
Telzol (USA), Zoletil (EU)
A
- Sedation w/o CNS depression
- Tiletamine + Zolazepam
8
Q
Naloxone
A
- Full antagonist
- Opioid reversal
- Fast acting for overdose
9
Q
Buprenorphine, Diprenorhpine
A
- Partial mu receptor agonists, higher affinity for mu opioid receptors, when given out-compete full mu agonists -> antagonistic-like effect
- Dequential analgesia
- Antagonises Etorphine
- Reversal opioid
10
Q
Somulose
A
- Barbiturate
11
Q
Butorphanol
A
- Opioid
12
Q
Naltrexone
A
- Opioid antagonist
13
Q
Deslorelin
A
- GnRH agonist
- Female implant, artiodactyl contraception
- Adrenal disease, ferret - reduced production of sex hormones
- Lasts > 18 m
- Expensive
- Endocrine management of egg peritonitis (pet poultry)
14
Q
Improvac
A
- Immunocontraception - giraffe male
- GnRH agonist - suppresses FSH + LH preventing ovulation + sperm production
- Hoofstock only
- Require course of primary vaccinations 4 - 6 w apart, then repeat injection every 4 m; considered effective 4 w after second primary injection
- [Pig castration - induces antibodies against GnRH to produce a temporary immunological suppression of testicular function]
15
Q
Regu-mate (altrenogest)
A
- Suppresses oestrus in mares
- Synthetic P4 analogue
- Promoting uterine quiescence - placentitis - inhibits receptor formation, prevents prostaglandin-induced abortion
- Pigs
16
Q
Griseofluvin
A
- Antifungal
- Ringworm and other skin, hair, and nail fungal infections
17
Q
Tramadol
A
- Painkiller
18
Q
Enilconazole/miconazole
A
- Anti-fungal
- Dermatophytosis (ringworm)
19
Q
Itraconazole/terbinafine
A
- Antifungal
- Aspergillosis (not as effective), dermatophytosis
- Oral
20
Q
Flamazine
A
- Topical, sterile, water-based antibacterial white cream,
- Active ingredient = silver sulfadiazine
- Pododermatitis, open lesions, stomatitis
21
Q
Preparation H
A
- Haemorrhoid cream - encourages blood flow
- Temporarily relieve swelling, burning, pain
- Contains phenylephrine and + pramoxine -> vasconstriction -> dec swelling and discomfort
- Avian: pododermatitis; wing tip oedema + in rodents
22
Q
PSGAGs (Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans)
A
- Replaces the damaged parts of the GAG layer that lines the bladder
- Cystitis
23
Q
Enrofloxacin
A
- Fluoroquinolone AB
- Resp disease (rat)
24
Q
Azithromycin
A
- Macrolide AB
- Resp disease (rat)
25
Doxycyline
- Tetracycline AB
- Resp disease (rat)
26
Bisolvon
- Mucolytic
- Resp disease (rat)
27
Salbutamol
- Bronchodilator
- Resp disease (rat)
28
Mitotane/Trilostane
- Dec cortisol
- Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's), adrenal disease - hyperplasia/tumours etc
- Ferrets, dogs
- Poor response in hamsters
29
Metyrapone
- Hyperadrenocorticism
- Hamster
30
Ketoconazole
- Antifungal
- Hyperadrenocorticism
- Hamster
31
Bismuth subsalicyclate (Pepto-bismol)
- Gastric + mucosal protectant
- Ulcerative gastritis
- Helicobacter mustelae - infection
32
Melatonin implant
- Adrenal disease
- Ferret
- Cosmetic effects
33
Androgen/oestradiol blockers
- Adrenal disease
- Ferret
34
Delvosteron
- 0.5 mL
- Jill jab - contraception in ferrets - licensed
- Injected when signs of oestrus seen - O vigilance
- Pot for pyometra (rare)
- Not currently available
35
HCG
- 100 iu
- Jill jab in ferrets - unlicensed
- Risk of reduced efficacy or anaphylaxis w/ repeated injections
36
Diazoxide (Eudemine)
- 5 - 15 mg/kg BID
- Inhibits insulin secretion - by blocking sulfonylurea receptor 1 subunit of KATP-channel on pancreatic beta (ẞ) cells, which increases the permeability to potassium ions, resulting in hyperpolarisation of the cells (Calcium-dependent insulin secretion)
- Promotes gluconeogenesis and glycolysis
- Inhibits glucose uptake
- Insulinoma, ferret
37
Prednisolone - insulinoma Tx
- 0.25 - 2 mg/kg BID
- Increases hepatic gluconeogenesis
- Decreases peripheral tissue glucose uptake
- Inhibits insulin binding to receptors
- Controls symptoms while disease progresses
- Can be used as primary or rescue therapy
- Ferret
38
Octreotide acetate
- Somatostatin analogue
- Inhibits GI, endocrine, exocrine, pancreatic, and pituitary secretions, as well as modify neurotransmission and memory formation in the CNS
- Used for refractory cases of insulinomas in other species but of limited benefit in ferrets
39
Prednisolone
- Insulinoma (ferret)
- Lymphoma (ferret)
40
Prednisolone, L-asparaginase, Cyclophosphamide, Cytarabine, Methotrexate, Chlorambucil, Procarbazine
- TUFTS protocol - oral + SC multidrug protocol
- Lymphoma (ferret)
- 26 w treatment period, w/ 19 visits
- 7 haematology samples
41
Fenbendazole
- Cestodes, nematodes, Mesoscestoides sp
- Pinworm (reptile)
- Capillaria (nematode) (raptors)
- Ascarid (reptile, tortoise)
- Crenosoma lungworm (European hedgehog)
42
Piperazine
- Intestinal nematodes
43
Praziquantel
- Cestodes
44
Isoxsuprine (Navilox)
- Wing tip oedema (avian)
- Vasodilator, positive ionotrophic effects (dec HR), lowers blood viscosity + inhibits platelet aggregation = vascular stimulant
45
Propentofylline (Vivitonin)
- Phosphodiesterase inhibitor -> dec inflam
- Wing tip oedema (avian)
46
Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Amphotericin B
- Systemic anti-fungals
- Itraconazole toxic in African Grey Parrots
- Syringeal aspergilloma (avian)
- Voriconazole = more effective for aspergillosis
47
Leuprolide
- FDA-approved GnRH agonist
- Endocrine management of egg peritonitis (pet poultry)
48
Lincospectin
- Lincomycin/spectomycin AB combo
- Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) associated with mycoplasma gallisepticum (poultry)
49
Tylan
- Tylosin AB
- Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (poultry)
50
Baycox
- Toltrazuril - destroys all intracellular stages of the pathogen's life cycle in the intestine without impairing the chicken's ability to acquire lifelong natural immunity against coccidia
- Coccidiosis in chickens caused by Eimeria specie; reptiles
51
Flubendazole
- Nematodes - ascarids, capillaria
- Licensed in poultry - 0 egg withdrawal
52
Ivermectin
- Pinworms, lice
- Mites: Ophionyssus nactricis + pterygosomid mites
- Fleas + ticks - European hedgehog
- Avoid ivermectin in all chelonia + green tree pythons - associated neurotoxicity
53
TMPS
- Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
- Broad spectrum AB
- Coccidosis (reptile)
- Cryptosporidium (reptile) - slow progression results
54
Metronidazole / Carnidazole e.g Harkers
- Anti-protozoal - mild cases
- Tortoises
- Trichomonas (raptors, pigeons)
55
Paromomycin
- Acute + chronic intestinal amebiases - Tx against bowel infection caused by parasites + antibacterial
- Cryptosporidium (reptile)
56
Hyperimmune bovine colostrum
- Cryptosporidium (reptile)
- Not readily available
- No benefit in SI infection
57
Fipronil (frontline)
- Mites
- E.g. European hedgehog
58
Calcium EDTA
- Chelating drug
- Lead poisoning
59
Nystatin
- Anti-funal
- Fungal infections of the inside of the mouth and lining of the stomach and intestines
- Raptor - crop stasis
